Full indicator list and descriptions

The data in this Report represent the best available estimates from various national authorities, international agencies, and private sources at the time the Report was prepared. It is possible that some data would have been revised or updated by the sources after publication of this Report.

“N/a” denotes that a value is not available or that the available data are unreasonably outdated or not from a reliable source.

Dashboard of National Key Performance Indicators

a) Growth and Competitiveness

0.01 GDP per capita | 2005-2014
Gross domestic product per capita in billions of current US dollars (2013) used for value. The trend, annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita, is based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 U.S. dollars. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. The 10-year average is based on the authors’ calculations between 2005 and 2014 or most recent year. Sources: World Economic Outlook Database (October 2014 edition), IMF and World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.

0.02 Global Competitiveness Score | 2014-15
This measures the set of institutions, policies, and factors that influence a country’s level of productivity, which in turn determines the level of prosperity the economy can reach. The index is composed of 12 pillars and measured on a scale of 1-7. The trend is based on the absolute difference in competitiveness scores between 2006 and 2014. Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2014-15, World Economic Forum

0.03 Labor Productivity Growth | 2003-2012
This refers to the output per unit of labor input. GDP per person employed is GDP divided by total employment in the economy. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is GDP converted to 1990 constant international dollars using PPP rates. The 10 year trend is based on the average annual percentage growth rate of labor productivity, per person employed, percent change between 2003 and 2012. Sources: KILM database, International Labour Organization; Conference Board

b) Income-Related Equity

0.04 Income Gini index | 2012
This indicator measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. Two measures are presented: one of net income inequality (that is, post-tax, post-transfer), and the other of market income inequality (pre-tax, pre-transfer). The trend is based on the absolute difference in Gini (pre and post transfer) between 2002 and 2012 or most recent year. Source: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database

0.05 Poverty Rate | 2012 or most recent
For advanced economies, relative income poverty is defined as less than half of the respective median national income (after taxes and transfers, and adjusted for size of household). For low and middle income countries, it is defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $2 a day at 2005 international prices (PPP exchange rates). The trend is based on the absolute difference in the poverty rate between 2004 and 2013 or most recent year. Sources: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); World Development Indicators Online, World Bank

0.06 Labor Income Share | 2012 or most recent
The annual labor income share, sometimes also referred to as the real unit labor cost, is the total labor costs divided by nominal output. The adjustment for the self-employed made in the calculation of total labor costs (for advanced economies only) assumes that labor compensation per hour (or per person if hours data is not available) is equivalent for the self-employed and for employees of businesses. The trend is based on the absolute difference in labor share of income between 2002 to 2011 or most recent year. Sources: OECD; United Nations¹

0.07 Median Household Income Growth | 2012 or most recent 
Annual median disposable household income is measured in dollars per day (PPP). The trend, median household income growth, is based on the absolute difference in median household income between 2001 and 2011 and represents the total growth over the period. Household disposable income includes income from economic activity (wages and salaries, profits of self-employed business owners); property income (dividends, interests, and rents); social benefits in cash (retirement pensions, unemployment benefits, family allowances, basic income support, etc.), and social transfers in kind (goods and services such as health care, education, and housing, received either free of charge or at reduced prices). Those defined as middle income and upper-middle income live on $10-50 a day, which translates to an annual income of $14,600 to $73,300 for a family of four. Dollar figures estimated for this study are converted to 2011 PPP dollars. Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are exchange rates adjusted for differences in the prices of goods and services across countries. In principle, one PPP dollar (PPP$) represents the same standard of living across countries. The US serves as the reference country for price comparisons and for currency conversions. Thus, for the US, one dollar equals one PPP$. But for India, for example, the rupee-to-dollar conversion rate – Rs 46.67 to a dollar in 2011 – is different from the rupee-to-PPP$ rate, at Rs 14.975 to a PPP$, for individual consumption expenditures by households. Thanks to the lower cost of living in India, this means that only Rs 14.975, and not Rs 46.67, is needed to obtain what $1 buys in the U.S. Source: Pew, http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2015/07/Global-Middle-Class-Report_FINAL_7-8-15.pdf

0.08 Middle class | 2011
This refers to the proportion of the population living on $10-$50/day, in 2011 prices and 2011 purchasing power parities. $10 is the threshold that must be crossed to attain middle-income status, which is five times the poverty line used in this study ($2/day), and is associated with a level of economic security that “insulates” people from falling back into poverty. It is increasingly known as the “global consuming class.” The trend is based on the absolute difference in the share of the middle class between 2001 and 2011. Source: Pew, http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2015/07/Global-Middle-Class-Report_FINAL_7-8-15.pdf

c) Intergenerational Equity

0.10 Natural Capital Accounts, Adjusted Net Savings (% of GNI) | 2012 or most recent
Natural Capital Accounts is a measure of the total stocks and utilization of natural resources in a given ecosystem, clarifying the real difference between production and consumption by capturing depreciation of fixed capital, depletion of natural resources, and damage from pollution. It is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI). Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus expenditure on education and minus depletion of energy, minerals, and forests, and damage by carbon dioxide and particulate emissions. By accounting for fixed and natural capital depletion, adjusted net national income better measures the income available for consumption and for investment to increase a country’s future consumption. The trend is based on the absolute difference in Adjusted Net Savings between 2003 and 2012 or most recent. Source: World Development Indicators Online, World Bank

0.11 Public Debt (as a share of GDP) | 2013 or most recent
Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or several dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions, standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable. Thus, all liabilities in the Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares, financial derivatives, and employee stock options. For Australia, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, New Zealand, and Sweden, government debt coverage also includes insurance technical reserves, following the GFSM 2001 definition. The trend is based on the absolute difference in Governement debt as a share of GDP between 2004 and 2013 or most recent. Sources: World Economic Outlook Database, IMF (April 2014 edition); Public Information Notices (various issues); African Development Bank; OECD; United Nations Development Programme; African Economic Outlook 2014; national sources

1st Pillar: Education and Skills Development

a) Access

1.01 Mean Years of Schooling | 2012
This refers to the average number of years of education received by people aged 25 years and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level. Source: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1.02 Gross Preprimary Enrollment | 2012
This denotes the total enrollment in preprimary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total population in the official preprimary education age bracket. Gross enrollment rate (GER) can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of overage and underage students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition. Source: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1.03 Net Primary Enrollment | 2012
This indicates the total enrollment in primary education, expressed as a percentage of the population officially in the primary education age bracket. Source: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1.04 Gross Secondary Enrollment | 2012
The reported value refers to the ratio of total secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population in the age group that officially corresponds to the secondary education level. Secondary education (International Standard Classification of Education levels 2 and 3) completes the provision of basic education that begins at the primary level, and aims to lay the foundation for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subjects or skills-oriented instruction using specialized teachers. Sources: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics; childinfo.org, UNICEF (accessed on 7 August 2014); Sistema de Información de TendenciasEducativas de América Latina (SITEAL); national sources

1.05 Gross Tertiary Enrollment | 2012
This is the ratio of total tertiary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary education level. Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6), whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires the successful completion of education at the secondary level as a minimum condition for admission. Sources: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics; national sources

1.06 Vocational Enrollment (upper-secondary, %) | 2012 or most recent
This refers to the total enrollment in public and private technical and vocational programs at the upper-secondary level following compulsory schooling, expressed as a percentage of total secondary school students. Source: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1.07 Availability of High-Quality Training Services | 2013-2014 weighted average
The availability of high-quality, specialized training services in a given country is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not available at all; 7 = widely available). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

1.08 Gender Gap in Education | 2014
The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap in Education sub-index is based on the following indicators:

• Ratio of female literacy rate to male literacy rate
• Ratio of female net primary enrollment rate to male value
• Ratio of female net secondary enrollment rate to male value
• Ratio of female gross tertiary enrollment ratio to male value Source: Education database (2013), UNESCO Institute for Statistics, or latest data available

b) Quality

1.09 Quality of Education System | 2013-2014 weighted average
How well the education system in a country meets the needs of a competitive economy is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not well at all; 7 = extremely well). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

1.10 Public Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) | 2012 or most recent
The total public expenditure per student on primary education is expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutes (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students, households, and others). Source: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1.11 Pupils-to-Teacher Ratio, Primary | 2012 or most recent
The pupil-teacher ratio is the number of pupils enrolled in primary school divided by the number of primary school teachers. Source: Data Centre, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

1.12a PISA Reading Score | 2012
The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an average standardized test of the performance of 15-year-old students that aims to measure their capacity to understand, use, and reflect on written texts in order to achieve their goals and potential, develop knowledge, and participate in society. It is available for 65 economies. Source: OECD

1.12b Basics in Reading Comprehension | 2013 or most recent
Various tests are used to measure the percentage of children who have achieved a minimum internationally- recognized learning standard in reading – the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ), and Programme for the Analysis of Education Systems (PASEC). Source: UNESCO; World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), http://www.education-inequalities.org/

1.13a PISA Math Score | 2012
This average standardized test assesses the performance of 15-year-old students to capture their capacity to identify, understand, and engage in mathematics, and make well-founded judgments about the role that mathematics plays in the lives of constructive and engaged citizens. It is available for 65 economies. Source: OECD

1.13b Basics in Mathematics | 2013 or most recent
Various international assessments – Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), SACMEQ, and PASEC – measure the percentage of children who have achieved an internationally- recognized minimum learning standard in mathematics. Sources: UNESCO; WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/.

1.14 Internet Access in Schools | 2012-2013 weighted average
The extent of internet access in schools is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = non-existent; 7 = extremely widespread). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

1.15 Ease of Finding Skilled Employees | 2013–2014 weighted average
How easy it is for companies to find employees with the skills required for their business needs is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

c) Equity

1.16 Resilient Students (socioeconomically disadvantaged scoring in top quarter, %) | 2012
A student is classified as resilient if he or she is in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) in the country/economy of assessment and performs in the top quarter of students from all countries/economies after accounting for socioeconomic status. Source: OECD

1.17 Social Inclusion (percentage of variation in socioeconomic status between schools) | 2012
This is measured as the percentage of variation in socioeconomic status between schools. The index of social inclusion is calculated as 100*(1-rho), where rho stands for the intra-class correlation of socioeconomic status, i.e. the between-school variation in the PISA index of social, economic, and cultural status of students, divided by the sum of the between-school variation in students’ socioeconomic status and the within-school variation in students’ socioeconomic status. Source: OECD

1.18 Mean Years of Schooling (by quintile) | 2013 or most recent
This is a measure of the average number of years of schooling attained by the 20-24 years age group, expressed as the ratio Q1/Q5 to capture the difference in attainment between the bottom (quintile 1) and the top (quintile 5). A value of 0 reflects perfect inequality and a value of 1 reflects perfect equality. Source: WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/

1.19 Primary Completion Rate (by quintile) | 2013 or most recent
This refers to the proportion of children aged 3-7 years above primary school graduation age and young people aged 15-24 years who have completed primary school. Expressed as a ratio, Q1/Q5, it captures the difference in primary education completion between the bottom (quintile 1) and the top (quintile 5). A value of 0 reflects perfect inequality and a value of 1 reflects perfect equality. Source: WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/

1.20a Lower Secondary Completion Rate (by quintile) | 2013 or most recent
This measures the proportion of (i) young people aged 3-5 years above lower secondary school graduation age, and (ii) young people aged 15-24 years, who have completed lower secondary school. Expressed as a ratio, Q1/Q5, it captures the difference in secondary education completion between the bottom (quintile 1) and the top (quintile 5). A value of 0 reflects perfect inequality and a value of 1 reflects perfect equality. Source: WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/

1.20b Upper Secondary Completion Rate (by quintile) | 2013 or most recent
This is a measure of the proportion of (i) young people aged 3-5 years above upper secondary school graduation age, and (ii) people aged 20-29 years, who have completed upper secondary school. It is expressed as a ratio, Q1/Q5, to capture the difference in secondary education completion between the bottom (quintile 1) and the top (quintile 5). A value of 0 reflects perfect inequality and a value of 1 reflects perfect equality. Source: WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/

1.21 Basics in Reading Comprehension (by quintile) | 2013 or most recent
Various assessments such as PISA, PIRLS, SACMEQ, and PASEC are used to calculate the proportion of children who have achieved a minimum internationally- recognized standard of reading ability. The ratio Q1/Q5 captures the difference in learning outcomes between the bottom (quintile 1) and the top (quintile 5). A value of 0 reflects perfect inequality and a value of 1 reflects perfect equality. Sources: OECD; WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/

1.22 Basics in Mathematics (by quintile) | 2013 or most recent
Assessments such as PISA, TIMSS, PASEC, and SCAMEQ yield the proportion of children who have achieved an internationally-recognized minimum standard of learning in mathematics. The ratio Q1/Q5 captures the difference in learning outcomes between the bottom (quintile 1) and the top (quintile 5). A value of 0 reflects perfect inequality and a value of 1 reflects perfect equality. Sources: OECD; WIDE, http://www.education-inequalities.org/

2nd Pillar: Employment and Labor Compensation

a) Productive Employment

2.01 Labor Force Participation Rate | 2013
This refers to the proportion of the population aged 15 years and older that is economically active – people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Sources: KILM database, International Labour Organization; World Development Indicators Online, World Bank

2.02 Unemployment Rate | 2013
This refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment Source: ILOSTAT database, International Labour Organization

2.03 Youth Unemployment Rate | 2012 or most recent
This measure refers to the share of the labor force aged 15-24 years without work but available for and seeking employment. Sources: ILOSTAT database, International Labour Organization; World Development Indicators Online, World Bank; national sources

2.04 Underemployment Rate | 2012 or most recent
This marks the share of the labor force that is involved in involuntary part-time employment arrangements (under 30 hours per week) but available for and seeking full-time employment. Source: OECD

2.05 Vulnerable Employment Rate | 2012 or most recent
This measures the proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment. Vulnerable employment refers to work by unpaid family workers and own-account workers. A contributing family worker is a person who is self-employed in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household, but who cannot be regarded as a partner because the degree of his or her commitment to the operation of the establishment, in terms of working time or other factors determined by national circumstances, is not at a level comparable with that of the head of the establishment. Source: World Development Indicators Online, World Bank

2.06 Extent of Informal Economy (undeclared or unregistered activity) | 2013-2014 weighted average
The extent of economic activity estimated to be undeclared or unregistered is recorded on a scale of 1-7 (1 = most economic activity is undeclared or unregistered; 7 = most economic activity is declared or registered). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

2.07 Country Capacity to Retain Talent | 2013-2014 weighted average
How good a country is at retaining talent is measured on a 1-7 scale (1 = the best and brightest leave to pursue opportunities in other countries; 7 = the best and brightest stay and pursue opportunities within the country). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

2.08 Social Mobility | 2013-2014 weighted average
The extent to which individuals have the opportunity to improve their economic situation through their personal efforts regardless of the socioeconomic status of their parents is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = little opportunity exists to improve one’s economic situation; 7 = significant opportunity exists to improve one’s economic situation) Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

2.09 Strictness of Employment Protection | 2013
This measures the strictness of regulation on dismissals and the use of temporary contracts, incorporating three aspects of dismissal protection: (i) procedural barriers for employers starting the dismissal process, such as notification and consultation requirements; (ii) requirements regarding notice periods and severance pay, which typically vary by the tenure of the employee concerned; and (iii) the difficulty of dismissal, as determined by the circumstances in which it is possible to dismiss workers, as well as the repercussions for the employer if a dismissal is found to be unfair (such as compensation and reinstatement). Source: OECD

2.10 Unusual Hours of Work | 2012
This is a measure of the share of workers typically working over 48 hours per week, which may make it difficult to combine work, family, and personal life. Source: KILM 2012, International Labour Organization

2.11 Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation | 2014
This is the ratio of female labor force participation to male labor force participation. Source: KILM 2012, International Labour Organization

2.12 Occupational Injury Rate (fatal) | 2012
The frequency rate of fatal occupational injuries is calculated as the number of new cases of fatal occupational injury during the calendar year divided by the total number of hours worked by workers in the reference group during the year multiplied by 1,000,000. In cases where the incidence rate is provided, this represents the average number of new cases of fatal occupational injury during the calendar year per 100,000 workers across all economic activities. Source: KILM 2012, International Labour Organization

2.13 Old-Age Employment Ratio | 2012
This contextual variable measures the employment rates of individuals aged 65 years and above. This indicator is not included in the final pillar aggregation and is meant for additional information or contextual purposes. Source: KILM 2012, International Labour Organization

b) Wage and Non-Wage Compensation

2.15 Wage Dispersion | 2013
Viewing minimum wage relative to the median provides a better basis for international comparisons of wage dispersion as it accounts for differences in earnings dispersion across countries. However, while full-time workers’ median basic earnings (excluding overtime and bonus payments) are, ideally, the preferred measure of average wages for international comparisons of minimum-to-median earnings, they are not available for a large number of non-OECD countries. Data are reported in national currency units, at current prices. For developing countries, due to lack of data availability, median wages have been replaced with mean wages for the purposes of this Report. Source: OECD

2.16 Low Pay Rate | 2011 or most recent
This measure of earnings dispersion refers to the proportion of employees whose hourly earnings at all jobs are less than two-thirds of the median. Source: ILOSTAT, International Labour Organization

2.17 Trade Union Density | 2012 or most recent
This measures the proportion of paid workers who are union members. Trade union density expresses union membership as a proportion of the eligible workforce and can be used as an indicator of the degree to which workers are organized. For the purpose of this indicator, a trade union is defined as an “independent association of workers, constituted for the purposes of furthering and defending workers’ interests.” Source: ILOSTAT, International Labour Organization

2.18 Collective Bargaining Coverage Rate | 2012 or most recent
This rate conveys the number of workers covered by one or more collective agreements as a percentage of the total number of persons in employment. Collective bargaining coverage refers to the number of workers in employment whose pay and/or conditions of employment are determined by one or more collective agreements which spell out, in writing, the terms reached at by an employer, a group of employers, or one or more employers or their organizations on the one hand, and one or more workers’ representatives or organizations on the other. The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self- employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work). Source: ILOSTAT, International Labour Organization

2.19 Cooperation in Labor-Employer Relations | 2013-2014 weighted average
Labor-employer relations in a given country are rated on a scale of 1-7 (1 = generally confrontational; 7 = generally cooperative). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

2.20 Pay Linked to Productivity | 2013-2014 weighted average
The extent to which pay is related to worker productivity is rated on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not related to worker productivity; 7 = strongly related to worker productivity). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

2.21 Agricultural Productivity | 2013
The agricultural value added per worker is a measure of agricultural productivity. Value added in agriculture measures the output of the agricultural sector (ISIC divisions 1-5) less the value of intermediate inputs. Agriculture comprises value added from forestry, hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Data are in constant 2005 US dollars. Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank

2.22 Gender Pay Gap | 2014
This refers to the ratio of female-to-male wages in various sectors and/or in the gross national income in 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Sources: World Bank (2014); ILO (2013); United Nations Development Programme Methodology (see Human Development Report 2009, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf)

2.23 Availability of Formal Childcare | 2010
This is a measure of the average enrollment rate of children under three years of age in formal childcare. Source: OECD

2.24 Cost of Childcare | 2012
Childcare fees per two-year-old attending accredited early-years care and education services are expressed as a percentage of the average wage. Source: OECD

2.25 Maternity Leave | 2013
This refers to the mandatory minimum length of paid maternity leave (in calendar days) that must be paid by the government, the employer or both, or its full-rate equivalent. The full-rate equivalent is calculated as the duration of leave in weeks multiplied by the payment (as a percentage of the average worker’s earnings) received by the claimant. Maternity leave is available only to the mother. This indicator receives 1/3 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Women, Business and the Law 2014: Removing Restrictions to Enhance Gender Equality, World Bank, http://wbl.worldbank.org/Reports

2.26 Parental Leave | 2013
Parental leave can be paid by the government, the employer, or both, and can even be unpaid as long as the government explicitly mandates some form of parental leave to be shared between the mother and father. Allowances for a fixed number of days per year to be applied toward family emergencies or child-related responsibilities are not considered parental leave. It is expressed as total number of days of paid or unpaid leave. This indicator receives 1/3 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Women, Business and the Law 2014: Removing Restrictions to Enhance Gender Equality, World Bank, http://wbl.worldbank.org/Reports

2.27 Paternity Leave | 2013
This is the mandatory minimum length of paid paternity leave (in calendar days) that must be paid by the government, the employer or both, or, its full-rate equivalent (calculated as the duration of leave in weeks multiplied by the payment as a percentage of the average worker’s earnings received by the claimant). Paternity leave is available only to the father. This indicator receives 1/3 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Women, Business and the Law 2014: Removing Restrictions to Enhance Gender Equality, World Bank, http://wbl.worldbank.org/Reports

2.28 Working Poor | 2013
This refers to the proportion of employed persons in a household whose members are living below the $2 threshold. Source: Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) 2012, International Labour Organization

3rd Pillar: Asset Building and Entrepreneurship

a) Small Business Ownership

3.01 New Businesses Registered | 2012
The number of new limited liability corporations registered in a calendar year are expressed per 1,000 working individuals aged 15-64 years. Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank

3.02 Attitudes toward Entrepreneurial Failure | 2013-2014 weighted average
How a failed entrepreneurial project is regarded in a country is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = as an embarrassment; 7 = as a valuable learning experience). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

3.03 PCT Patent Applications Filed (% of population) | 2010–2011 average
The number of applications filed by a country under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per million population is measured by priority date and inventor nationality, using a fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors. The average count of applications filed in 2010 and 2011 is divided by the population, using figures from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Online. Sources: OECD Patent Database; World Development Indicators Online, World Bank

3.04 Cost of Starting a Business | 2014
The cost of registering a business is normalized by presenting it as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita. This indicator receives 1/2 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

3.05 Time Required to Start a Business | 2014
The time required to start a business is the number of calendar days needed to complete the procedures to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen. This indicator receives 1/2 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

3.06 Cost of Resolving Insolvency | 2014
The average cost of bankruptcy proceedings is recorded as a percentage of the estate’s value. This indicator pertaining to the burden of resolving insolvency receives 1/2 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

3.07 Time Required to Resolve Insolvency | 2014
The time it takes to resolve insolvency is the number of years from the filing for insolvency proceedings in court until the resolution of distressed assets. This indicator receives 1/2 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

3.08 Cost of Enforcing a Contract | 2014
The cost in court and attorney fees, where the use of attorneys is mandatory or common, is expressed as a percentage of the debt value. This indicator pertaining to the burden of enforcing a contract receives 1/2 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

3.09 Time Required to Enforce a Contract | 2014
This consists of the number of calendar days from the filing of a lawsuit in court until the final determination and, in appropriate cases, payment. This indicator receives 1/2 weighting in the pillar aggregation. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

3.10 Time Required to Prepare and Pay Taxes (in hours) | 2014
The time needed to prepare and pay taxes is the time, in hours per year, it takes to prepare, file, and pay (or withhold) three major types of taxes: corporate income tax, value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes and social security contributions. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

b) Home and Financial Asset Ownership

3.11 Protection of Property Rights | 2013-2014 weighted average
The strength of protection of property rights, including financial assets, in a country is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

3.12 Home Ownership Rate | 2012 or most recent
This is the percentage of population living in an owner-occupied dwelling (with or without a mortgage) as opposed to rented dwellings. Dwellings owned by the households that live in them are fixed assets that their owners use to produce housing services for their own consumption. Information on tenure status is more widely available on a cross-country basis and is a good proxy for home ownership rates. Source: Housing Finance Information Network (HOFINET), http://www.hofinet.org/

3.13 House Price-to-Income Ratio | 2014
This measures the housing affordability gap or the difference between the cost of an acceptable housing unit and what households can afford for housing using no more than 30 percent of their income. Data is limited to urban areas (2,500 cities) and is aggregated at the country level (weighted by population). Source: McKinsey Global Institute. For more information, see A Blueprint for addressing the global affordable housing challenge, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/urbanization/tackling_the_worlds_affordable_housing_challenge, p. 180-183

3.14 Housing Loan Penetration | 2011
This indicates the percentage of adult population with an outstanding loan to purchase a home from any provider of housing loans, including regulated financial institutions and microfinance and informal sources. Source: Global Findex database, World Bank

3.15 Employee Stock Ownership | 2013
This refers to the practice among private companies (with 10 or more employees) to offer employees’ share ownership schemes (ESOS), which provide employees with an indirect share in the company’s results through receiving dividends and/or appreciation in the share value. Source: European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS)

3.16 Profit Sharing | 2013
This indicates the practice among private companies (with 10 or more employees) of offering their employees profit-sharing schemes, whereby employees get a share of the profits or wealth created by the company in addition to their regular pay. The payments are explicitly and directly linked to the profits of the company, or some similar measurement of corporate performance in the form of cash bonuses, cash transfers to employees’ savings funds or free equity shares. Source: EWCS

3.17 Private Pension Assets (% of GDP) | 2013
A pension fund is any plan, fund or scheme that provides retirement income. Assets are defined as all forms of private investment with a value linked to a pension plan over which ownership rights are enforced by institutional units, individually or collectively. This indicator is measured as a ratio of assets of pension funds to GDP. Sources: Data taken from a variety of sources such as OECD, AIOS, FIAP, and national sources

4th Pillar: Financial Intermediation of Real Economy Investment

a) Financial System Inclusion

4.01 Affordability of Financial Services | 2013-2014 weighted average
The extent to which financial services are affordable for businesses in a country is measured on a 1-7 scale (1 = not affordable at all; 7 = affordable). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

4.02 Availability of Financial Services | 2013-2014 weighted average
The extent to which the financial sector of a country provides a wide range of financial products and services to businesses is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not at all; 7 = provides a wide variety). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

4.03 Account at a Formal Financial Institution of Bottom 40% (%) | 2011
This measure denotes the percentage of respondents aged 15 years and above in the bottom 40% income bracket who have an account (in own name or with someone else) at a bank, credit union, other financial institution such as a cooperative or a microfinance institution, or the post office (if applicable). It includes those who own a debit card. Source: Global Findex database, World Bank

4.04 Account Used for Business Purposes of Bottom 40% (% among age 15+) | 2011
This denotes the percentage of respondents (income in bottom 40%, age 15 years and above) who reported using their accounts at a formal financial institution for business purposes only or for both business and personal purposes. Source: Global Findex database, World Bank

4.05 Ease of Access to Credit | 2013–2014 weighted average
How easy it is for companies to obtain financing for business development is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

4.06 ATMs (per 100,000 adults) | 2014
Automated teller machines (ATMs) are computerized telecommunications devices that provide clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public place. Source: Financial Access Survey, IMF

4.07 Depth of Credit Information Index (0 = lowest to 6 = highest) | 2014
This index gives an indication of the rules affecting the scope, accessibility, and quality of credit information available through public or private credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating the availability of more credit information, from either a public registry or a private bureau, to facilitate lending decisions. This indicator is not included in the final pillar aggregation and is meant for additional information or contextual purposes. Source: Doing Business project, World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/

b) Intermediation of Business Investment

4.08 Local Equity Market Access | 2013-2014 weighted average
How easy it is for companies to raise money by issuing shares on the stock market is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

4.09 Venture Capital Availability | 2013-2014 weighted average
How easy it is for entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to find venture capital is measured on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

4.10 Domestic Credit to Private Sector by Banks (% of GDP) | 2013
This refers to the financial resources provided to the private sector by banks and other depository corporations (except central banks) through, for instance, loans, purchases of non-equity securities, trade credits, and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises. Sources: International Financial Statistics and data files, IMF; World Bank; OECD

4.11 Private Investment in Infrastructure (total physical assets and payments as % of GDP) | 2013
This is a measure of the total private investment commitments, including physical assets and payments to government, in sectors such as energy, telecommunications, transport, and water and sewerage. Figures are based on 10-year average spending, expressed in current US dollars (millions). Source: Private Participation in Infrastructure Database, World Bank

4.12 Non-Residential Private Investment (% of GDP) | 2013
This is a measure of the outlays – purchases and own-account production – that industries, producers of government services, and producers of private, non-profit services for households make on new durable goods to add to their stocks of fixed assets, less their net sales of similar second-hand and scrapped goods. It is also commonly expressed as private sector fixed capital formation. Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank

4.13 Private R&D Expenditure | 2012
This indicates business enterprise expenditure on research and development (BERD) as a percentage of GDP. Research and development (R&D) covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank

4.14 Bank Lending to Non-Financial Corporations (% of GDP) | 2013
Domestic banks provide credit to the private non-financial sector, which includes non-financial corporations (both private- and public-owned), households and non-profit institutions serving households. Source: Bank for International Settlements (BIS), http://www.bis.org/statistics/credtopriv.htm

4.15 IPO Issuances (Small Cap) | 2009-2013
This Report uses the GDP-weighted rankings of initial public offerings (IPOs) based on the number of IPOs (domestic listings) with a deal size below $50 million issued between 2009 and 2013 weighted per $100 billion of GDP. IPOs issued by financial corporations and real estate are excluded from this calculation. This indicator is based on a five-year average. Sources: Weild & Co.; Grant Thornton LLP; Dealogic; World Bank; The World Factbook

4.16 IPO Issuances (Large Cap) | 2009-2013
This Report uses the GDP-weighted rankings of IPO production based on the number of IPOs (domestic listings) with a deal size above $50 million issued between 2009 and 2013 weighted per $100 billion of GDP. IPOs issued by financial corporations and real estate are excluded from this calculation. The indicator is based on a five-year average. Sources: Weild & Co.; Grant Thornton LLP; Dealogic; World Bank; The World Factbook

4.17 Follow-on Issuances (% of GDP) | 2009-2013
A follow-on offering, otherwise known as a subsequent offering, can be understood as a dilutive secondary offering that a company makes on the primary market. Follow-ons issued by financial corporations and real estate are excluded from this calculation. The indicator is based on a five-year average. Source: Dealogic

4.18 Corporate Bond Issuance (% of GDP) | 2009-2013
The total corporate bond net issuance (domestic and international) to NFCs expressed as a share of GDP is a measure of market activity. Debt issued by financial corporations and real estate companies is excluded from this calculation. The indicator is based on a five-year average. Source: Dealogic

4.19 Share Turnover Ratio | 2008-2012
This refers to the total value of shares traded during a given period divided by the average market capitalization during that period. Average market capitalization is calculated as the average of the end-of-period values for the current and previous periods. The indicator is based on a five-year average. Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank

4.20 Share Buyback | 2009-2013
The estimated dollar share buyback volume is based on a five-year moving average (2009-2013) and represented as a share of total GDP (2009-2013). It is calculated by combining information from two data sources. The first, used for the majority of firm-year observations, is WorldScope data item WC04751 (common and preferred purchased, redeemed, and converted), which, according to WorldScope, represents funds used to decrease the outstanding shares of common and/or preferred stock. When WC04751 is missing, the ESG – Asset4 data item ECSLDP048 (share buyback amount) is used. It is defined as “The total monetary value of the shares repurchased by the company during the fiscal year.” Source: Buybacks Around the World, WorldScope, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2330807

5th Pillar: Corruption and Concentration of Rents

a) Business and Political Ethics

5.01 Ethical Behavior of Firms | 2013-2014 weighted average
Survey participants rate the corporate ethics of companies (ethical behavior in interactions with public officials, politicians and other firms) on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely poor – among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent – among the best in the world). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

5.02 Measures to Combat Corruption and Bribery | 2013-2014 weighted average
The effectiveness of the government’s efforts to combat corruption and bribery is rated on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not effective at all; 7 = extremely effective). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

5.03 Diversion of Public Funds | 2013-2014 weighted average
Respondents opine how common is the diversion of public funds to companies, individuals or groups due to corruption, on a scale of 1-7 (1 = occurs very commonly; 7 = never occurs). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

5.04 Irregular Payments in Tax Collection | 2013-2014 weighted average
Participants rate how common it is for companies to make undocumented extra payments or bribes in connection with: (a) imports and exports; (b) public utilities; (c) annual tax payments; (d) awarding of public contracts and licenses; and (e) obtaining favorable judicial decisions, on a scale of 1-7 (1 = occurs very commonly; 7 = never occurs). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

5.05 Public Trust in Politicians | 2013-2014 weighted average
Politicians’ ethical standards are rated on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely low; 7 = extremely high). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

b) Concentration of Rents

5.06 Extent of Market Dominance | 2013-2014 weighted average
Participants rate corporate activity and market dominance on a scale of 1-7 (1 = dominated by a few business groups; 7 = spread across many firms). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

5.07 Intensity of Competition | 2013-2014 weighted average
Respondents rate the intensity of competition in local markets on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not intense at all; 7 = extremely intense). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

5.08 Land Inequality Gini | 2010 or most recent
This is a measure of the extent of inequality in land holdings in rural areas, among individuals or households. Zero represents perfect equality, while 100 stands for perfect inequality. Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

5.09 Wealth Gini | 2013
This indicator measures the differences in the distribution of wealth – higher Gini coefficients signify greater inequality in wealth distribution, with 1 being complete inequality and 0 being complete equality. Source: Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2014

5.10 Regulatory Protection of Incumbents | 2013
This indicates the scope of legal barriers to entry for new businesses (in 24 manufacturing and service industries), and the existence of antitrust exemptions for public enterprises or government-mandated behavior. Source: OECD

5.11 Concentration of Banking-Sector Assets | 2012
This is a measure of the assets of the five largest banks as a share of total commercial banking assets. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and dues from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax, discontinued operations, and other assets. Source: Raw data are from Bankscope: (Sum(data2025) for five largest banks in Bankscope)/(Sum(data2025) for all banks in Bankscope) – only reported if the number of banks in Bankscope is five or more, and calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope

6th Pillar: Basic Services and Infrastructure

a) Basic and Digital Infrastructure

6.01 Quality of Overall Infrastructure | 2013-2014 weighted average
Survey participants rate the general infrastructure (e.g. transport, telephony, and energy) in their countries on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely underdeveloped – among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient – among the best in the world). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

6.02 Quality of Domestic Transport Network | 2013-2014 weighted average
Respondents rate the extent to which their national ground transport network (e.g. buses, trains, trucks, and taxis) offer efficient transportation on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

6.03 Transportation Infrastructure | 2011
This is an estimate of the total infrastructure investment and maintenance spending (on rail, road, seaways, and airports) as a percentage of GDP. Source: OECD

6.04 Access to Electricity | 2010
This is an indicator of the percentage of a country’s population with access to electricity. Sources: Sustainable Energy for All Database, World Bank; Global Electrification Database

6.05 Inequality in Access to Electricity (by Quintile) | 2010 or most recent
This indicates the percentage of the population from the bottom quintile (Q1) with access to electricity divided by the population with access to electricity from the top quintile (Q5). This indicator is not included in the final pillar aggregation and is meant for additional information or contextual purposes. Source: World Bank

6.06 Slum Population (Urban) | 2009
To calculate the proportion of urban population living in slums, a slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, durability of housing, and security of tenure. Source: UN-Habitat

6.07 Dwellings without Basic Facilities | 2012
This indicator refers to the percentage of the population living in a dwelling without an indoor flushing toilet for the sole use of that household. Flushing toilets outside the dwelling are not considered, but flushing toilets in a room where there is also a shower unit or a bath are counted. Sources: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); OECD

6.08 Households with Internet Access | 2012
The share of households with internet access at home is calculated by dividing the number of in-scope households (where at least one household member is aged 15-74 years) with internet access by the total number of in-scope households. Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013, International Telecommunication Union

6.09 Fixed Broadband Internet Subscriptions | 2012
This refers to the total fixed (wired) broadband internet subscriptions – that is, subscriptions to high-speed internet – a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) connection – at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kilobits per second (kbps) per 100 people. This indicator relates to the penetration and quality of the internet and receives 1/2 weighting. Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013, International Telecommunication Union

6.10 Active Mobile Broadband Subscriptions | 2012
This is a measure of mobile broadband internet subscriptions per 100 people. This indicator relates to the penetration and quality of the internet and receives 1/2 weighting. Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013, International Telecommunication Union

6.11 Affordability of Mobile-Cellular Internet (mobile cellular tariffs, % of GNI) | 2012
This indicates the average per-minute cost of different types of mobile cellular calls expressed as a percentage of gross national income. This measure is constructed by first taking the average per-minute cost of a local call to another mobile cellular phone on the same network (on-net) and on another network (off-net). This amount is then averaged with the per-minute cost of a local call to a fixed telephone line. All the tariffs are for calls placed during peak hours and based on a basic, representative, mobile cellular prepaid subscription service. The amount is adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) and expressed in current international dollars. PPP figures are sourced from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Online (2013) and the IMF’s World Economic Outlook (October 2013 edition). This indicator relates to affordability of the internet and receives 1/2 weighting. Sources: Authors’ calculations based on ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (December 2013 edition), International Telecommunication Union; World Economic Outlook (October 2013 edition), IMF; World Development Indicators (December 2013 edition), World Bank

6.12 Affordability of Fixed-Broadband Sub-basket (fixed broadband Internet tariffs, % GNI) | 2012
This indicates the monthly subscription charge for fixed (wired) broadband internet service expressed as a percentage of gross national income. Fixed (wired) broadband is considered to be any dedicated connection to the internet at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kbps, using a digital subscriber line (DSL). The amount is adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) and expressed in current international dollars. PPP figures are sourced from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Online and the IMF’s World Economic Outlook. This indicator relates to affordability of the internet and receives ½ weighting. Sources: Authors’ calculations based on ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (December 2013 edition), International Telecommunication Union; World Economic Outlook (October 2013 edition),IMF; World Development Indicators (December 2013 edition), World Bank

b) Health-related Services and Infrastructure

6.13 Quality of Healthcare Services | 2013-2014 weighted average
Survey respondents rate the quality of healthcare – public and private – provided to ordinary citizens in their country on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely poor – among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent – among the best in the world). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

6.14 Accessibility of Healthcare Services | 2013-2014 weighted average
Survey participants rate the accessibility of healthcare in their country on a scale of 1-7 (1 = limited – only the privileged have access; 7 = universal – all citizens have access to healthcare) Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

6.15 Out-of-Pocket Health Expenses | 2011
This is a measure of household direct payments to public and private providers of healthcare services and non-reimbursable cost sharing, such as deductibles, co-payments, and fees for services, expressed as a percentage of total health expenditure. Source: Human Development Index, UNDP

6.16 Inequality-adjusted Life Expectancy | 2013
This is an indicator of inequality in life expectancy based on “lifetables” estimated using the Atkinson Inequality Index. Source: Human Development Index, UNDP

6.17a Access to Improved Drinking Water | 2012 or most recent
This measures the share of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from a source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling.

6.17b Inequality in Access to Improved Drinking Water (by Quintile) | 2010 or most recent
This indicator is calculated by dividing the percentage of the population from the bottom quintile (Q1) with access to improved drinking water by the population with access to improved drinking water from the top quintile (Q5). This indicator is not included in the final pillar aggregation and is meant for additional information or contextual purposes. Source: World Health Statistics 2014, World Health Organization

6.18a Access to Improved Sanitation | 2012 or most recent
The share of the population with at least adequate access to excreta-disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta depends on access to improved facilities ranging from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained.

6.18b Inequality in Access to Improved Sanitation (by Quintile) | 2010 or most recent
This is measured as a percentage of the population from the bottom quintile (Q1) with access to improved sanitation divided by the population from the top quintile (Q5) with access to improved sanitation. This indicator is not included in the final pillar aggregation and is meant for additional information or contextual purposes. Source: World Health Statistics 2014, World Health Organization

6.19 Undernourishment | 2012
The population below a minimum level of dietary energy consumption is measured as a percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements continuously. “2.5” signifies prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5% of the population. Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO, http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/food-security-indicators/en/

6.20 Particulate Matter (2.5) Concentration | 2012 or most recent
Population-weighted exposure to PM2.5 (also known as fine particulate matter, which refers to particles or droplets in the air that are 2.5 micrometers or less in width) is calculated using population data from the Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (2011) database. Although invisible to the naked human eye as individual particles, elevated levels of PM2.5 can reduce visibility, cause the air to appear hazy, and adversely affect human health. Source: Environmental Performance Index 2014, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy (YCELP) and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University, http://epi.yale.edu/epi/issue-rankings

6.21 Gender Gap in Health | 2014 
The sex ratio at birth refers to the number of boys born alive per 100 girls born alive. Source: The CIA World Factbook 2014, Central Intelligence Agency, data updated weekly Healthy life expectancy refers to the average number of years that a person can expect to live in “full health” by taking into account the years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. Expressed as a ratio, female over male value. Source: Global Health Observatory database, World Health Organisation, data from 2012

7th Pillar: Fiscal Transfers

a) Tax Code

7.01 Total Tax Revenue | 2012 or most recent
Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously-collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue. Total tax revenue is represented as a percentage of GDP. Sources: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, IMF; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates

7.02 Tax on Consumption (goods and services, % of revenue) | 2012 or most recent
This includes taxes on production, sale, transfer, leasing, and delivery of goods, as well as rendering of services, including: general taxes; value-added taxes; sales taxes; and other general taxes on goods and services. It is expressed as a percentage of total tax revenue. Source: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, IMF

7.03 Total Tax Wedge (% of labor costs) | 2013
This indicator reflects the tax wedge for an average country-specific industrial worker in 2012, and is defined as the difference between the salary costs of a single “average worker” to their employer and the amount of net income (take-home pay) that the worker receives. The taxes covered are personal income taxes, compulsory social security contributions paid by employees and employers, and payroll taxes for the few countries that have them. The amount of these taxes is expressed as a percentage of the total labor costs for firms, i.e. the sum of gross earnings, employers’ social security contributions, and payroll taxes. Source: ETH data from Egger, P. and N. Strecker, “A Tour of Income Tax in the World, 1980-2012” (2015, mimeo)

7.04 Extent and Effect of Taxation on Incentives to Work | 2013-2014 weighted average
Survey respondents rate the extent to which taxes reduce the incentive to work on a scale of 1-7 (1 = significantly reduce the incentive to work; 7 = do not reduce incentive to work at all). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

7.05 Extent and Effect of Taxation on Incentives to Invest | 2013–2014 weighted average
Respondents rate the extent to which taxes reduce the incentive to invest on a scale of 1-7 (1 = significantly reduce the incentive to invest; 7 = do not reduce the incentive to invest at all). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

7.06 Progressivity Index | 2012
This index is based on average (and marginal) personal income tax rates and tax wedges for different family types and earnings levels, taking into account statutory tax provisions (i.e. the personal income tax rate schedule, basic and other tax allowances, tax credits, deductions, employee and employer social security contributions, payroll taxes (if any), and certain cash benefits). Using Taxing Wages models, the average tax rates and tax wedges are calculated for a wide range of incomes (from 50% to 500% of the average wage, which represents the gross earnings a worker in the private sector earns on average in a particular year and country). The income range is divided into various intervals (e.g. 50%-67% of the average worker income interval). Using information on the average tax rate/wedge for the income at the beginning and end level of each income interval, a calculation is made of how the average tax rate/wedge increases over that income interval (i.e. by subtracting the tax rate/wedge at the bottom income level from the tax burden at the top income level, and by dividing the difference by the length of the income interval). This number indicates how the tax burden increases per percentage point increase in income levels (expressed as a multiple of the average wage) over an income interval. These calculations are made for all income intervals, yielding a measure of the progressivity of the tax system within each income interval, as well as how the progressivity changes over the income intervals. The overall progressivity of the tax system is also calculated by comparing the tax burden at 500% of the average wage with the burden at 50% of the average wage. Please note that these are “structural” progressivity measures and do not take the actual income distribution into account. Sources: ETH data, see Egger, P. and N. Strecker (2015), A Tour of Income Tax in the World, 1980-2012, mimeo; OECD, http://www.oecd.org/tax/taxing-wages-20725124.htm ETH; OECD, http://www.oecd.org/tax/taxing-wages-20725124.htm

7.07 Tax on Property (% of GDP) | 2013
Property taxes include: recurrent taxes on immovable property; recurrent taxes on net wealth (individual and corporate); estate, inheritance, and gift taxes; taxes on financial and capital transactions; and other non-recurrent taxes on property. Tax revenue is expressed as a percentage of GDP. Source: OECD

7.08 Tax on Inheritance (% of GDP) | 2013
Estate, gift, and inheritance tax revenue is expressed as a percentage of GDP. Source: OECD

7.09 Tax on Capital (% of GDP) | 2013
Taxes on financial and capital transactions are expressed as a percentage of GDP. Source: OECD

b) Social Protection

7.11 Government Effectiveness in Reducing Poverty and Inequality | 2013-2014 weighted average
Survey participants rate how effective their government’s efforts to address income inequality are on a scale of 1-7 (1 = not effective at all; 7 = extremely effective). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

7.12 Wastefulness of Government Spending | 2013-2014 weighted average
Respondents rate how efficiently their government spends public revenue on a scale of 1-7 (1 = extremely inefficiently; 7 = extremely efficiently). Source: Executive Opinion Survey, World Economic Forum

7.13 Total Social Public Expenditure (% of GDP) | 2011
Social expenditure is the provision by public (and private) institutions of benefits to, and financial contributions targeted at, households and individuals in order to provide support during circumstances which adversely affect their welfare. Such benefits can be cash transfers, or can be in the form of direct (in-kind) provision of goods and services. Source: OECD

7.14 Unemployment Insurance | 2012
The net benefit rate (NBR) is expressed as a percentage of previous earnings, while the gross replacement rate (GRR), as a measure of gross unemployment benefit levels, is expressed as a percentage of previous gross earnings. NRR provides a more complete measure of work incentives and income maintenance, especially when compared over longer periods of unemployment. Source: OECD

7.15 Coverage of Old-Age Pensions | 2012 or most recent
This represents the old-age pension receipt ratio above retirement age (and includes both contributory and non-contributory schemes). It is a measure of the effective extent of coverage above the statutory retirement age. Source: Social Protection Platform, ILO, http://www.social-protection.org/

7.16 Progressivity of Pensions | 2012 or most recent
The progressivity index is designed to summarize the relationship between pension in retirement and earnings while working. The range varies from 100 through zero to negative results, indicating that the overall retirement-income system is regressive. Source: OECD

7.17 Gross Pension Replacement Rate | 2013
The gross replacement rate is defined as gross pension entitlement divided by gross pre-retirement earnings. It measures how effectively a pension system provides a retirement income to replace the main source of income before retirement. This indicator is measured as a percentage of pre-retirement earnings. Source: OECD

7.18 Coverage of Unemployment Insurance | 2012 or most recent
This measures the share of the unemployed receiving regular, periodic unemployment benefits. The overall percentage of those covered is underestimated for countries with other assistance schemes. Source: Social Protection Platform, ILO, http://www.social-protection.org/

7.19 Coverage of Healthcare | 2012 or most recent
This is a measure of the estimated social healthcare protection coverage as a percentage of the total population. Coverage includes affiliated members of a health insurance policy and the population enjoying free access to healthcare services provided by the state. Source: Social Protection Platform, ILO, http://www.social-protection.org/

7.20 Adequacy of Social Assistance | 2012 or most recent
This represents the total transfer amount received by all beneficiaries in a quintile as a share of the total welfare beneficiaries in that quintile. The indicator is estimated by program type (cash or in-kind transfers) for the entire population, and by quintiles of both the post- and pre-transfer welfare distribution. Specifically, the adequacy of benefits is calculated as: the amount of transfers received by a quintile divided by the total income or consumption of beneficiaries in that quintile. Source: ASPIRE Database, World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1353009461419/ASPIRE_Programs_Classification.pdf

7.21 Adequacy of Social Insurance | 2012 or most recent
The total transfer amount received by all beneficiaries in a quintile is represented as a share of the total welfare beneficiaries in that quintile.The indicator is estimated by program type (pensions and social security) for the entire population and by quintiles of both post- and pre-transfer welfare distribution. Specifically, the adequacy of benefits is estimated from the amount of transfers received by a quintile divided by the total income or consumption of beneficiaries in that quintile. Source: ASPIRE Database, World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1353009461419/ASPIRE_Programs_Classification.pdf

7.22 Benefit-to-Cost Ratio | 2012 or most recent
This measures the reduction in poverty obtained for each dollar spent on social protection and labor (SPL) programs. The indicator is estimated for the entire population and by program type. Specifically, the benefit-cost ratio is estimated as: (poverty gap before transfer – poverty gap after transfer) / total transfer amount. Programs are categorized as social assistance, social insurance, and labor market, according to ASPIRE classification. Source: ASPIRE Database, World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1353009461419/ASPIRE_Programs_Classification.pdf