The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 is complemented by a digital portal, which provides detailed Country Profiles of all 149 countries featured in the Index as well as a Data Explorer tool enabling the reader to explore detailed Index results, rankings and comparisons by country, region, indicator and subindex.

The Global Gender Gap Data Explorer can be found here. In addition, static PDF versions of all Country Profiles are available on the report website.

While these various ways and formats of accessing the report’s data contain exactly the same information, it is our intention to make this information useful to the widest possible audience by meeting the needs of different groups of readers and stakeholders. This User’s Guide aims to provide an intuitive overview of the various means of exploring and interpreting the Global Gender Gap Report 2018 data, for the specialist and generalist reader alike.

Country Profiles

Country Profiles are available on the online Data Explorer and in Part 2 of the PDF report. They’re formatted identically in both locations.

Country Rank, Score and Performance at a Glance

The first section ➊ presents each country’s overall Global Gender Gap Index 2018 rank out of the 149 reviewed countries and its progress towards closing the gender gap and achieving full gender parity, represented on a 0-to-1 scale.¹ The radar chart on the top left-hand side of each Country Profile gives an overview of the country’s scores for each of the four subindexes relative to the equality benchmark and the global average score of all countries in the Index weighted by population across all 149 countries. In addition, the bar chart at the top of the page shows each country’s position on the Global Gender Gap Index relative to the spread of all countries and the global population weighted average. Note that the bar has been truncated at 0.40 to enhance legibility.

Key Indicators

The second section ➋ provides economic and demographic headline indicators for each country. The “—” symbol indicates where data was unavailable. For a full overview of the Key Indicators featured in the Country Profile, please refer to the Overview of Indicators section below.

In addition, the section summarizes the country’s performance on the Index this year compared to the first year in which the country was featured in the Global Gender Gap Index, providing a measure of the country’s overall progress over time. Note that since the exact number and list of countries included in the report changes every year, rank changes, or lack thereof, alone are an imperfect measure of a country’s  performance over time. A country’s score change is a more exact measure of its progress towards closing the gender gap.

Country Score Card

The third section ➌ of each Country Profile provides an overview of each country’s ranks and scores on the four subindexes of the Global Gender Gap Report 2018, as well as on the individual indicators that compose each subindex. For each of the indicators that enter into the Global Gender Gap Index, column one displays the country’s rank; column two displays the country’s score; column three displays the population-weighted sample average (out of 149 countries); column four displays the female value; column five displays the male value; and, finally, column six displays the female-to-male ratio. The female and male values are displayed rounded to one decimal in order to facilitate reading. However, exact values have been used for calculating ratios and scores. The “—” symbol indicates where data was not available. Country scores are highlighted by a colour scale—ranging in 20% intervals from light blue (0.0–0.2; worst) to dark blue (0.8–1.0; best)—to help the reader visually interpret the Index results. To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1—except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944) and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators. For further details on the Index methodology, please refer to the Construction of the Index section in Part 1.

The bar charts visually display the magnitude of female-to-male ratio imbalances for each of the 14 indicators, allowing the reader to see clearly when the female-to-male ratio is above or below the gender parity benchmark. Values above 1 (the parity benchmark) favour women and values below 1 favour men. Please note that the parity benchmark is 1 for all indicators except sex ratio at birth (0.944) and healthy life expectancy (1.06). Therefore, the parity benchmark of 1 in the bar charts for these two indicators is not strictly accurate. In the few cases where the ratio exceeds the scale of the bar chart (which ends at 2), the reader should refer to the number under the “female-to-male ratio” column for the actual value.

Finally, the online version of the Country Profile reader provides mouse-over definitions and explanations of all indicators by clicking on the corresponding “score” field. From the blue Go to Explorer button in the pop-up dialogue field, detailed rankings for the selected indicator may also be directly accessed in the Data Explorer tool.

For a full, non-technical explanation and overview of each indicator composing the Global Gender Gap Index, please refer to the Overview of Indicators section below.

Data Explorer Online Features

A number of additional features may be accessed in the online Data Explorer (available at www.weforum.org/gggr18). The reader has the possibility to switch between Country Profiles and interactive Index rankings in a tile, bar chart or world map format by clicking on the menu option at the top-left corner of the page ❹ . There is also the possibility to directly compare two countries side-by-side by clicking on the menu option in the top-right corner of the page ❺ . Finally, the reader may directly access a shortcut to the rankings for a specific indicator by clicking on the blue Go to Explorer button in the dialogue field in the Country Score Card section ❻ .

Interactive Ranking Tables

By clicking on the menu button at the top-right corner of the Data Explorer ❼ , the interactive rankings may be switched between a tile view, which visualizes countries’ overall performance on each subindex for context; a bar chart view, which depicts a country’s performance for the selected indicator relative to other countries; and a world map view, which allows the reader to explore geographical trends and patterns. In the map view, countries are highlighted by an extended colour scale to enhance contrast and readability—ranging in 20% intervals from dark grey (0.0–0.2; worst) to dark blue (0.8–1.0; best).

In addition, the reader has the possibility to: switch between selected indicators, narrow selections to a specific region or go directly to the results for a specific country of interest through the menu strip at the top of the Data Explorer ❽ .

Country Comparison

The Country Comparison Tool ❾ can be accessed through the menu option at the top-right corner of the Country Profile view. It enables a side-by-side view of indicators for the selected comparison country relative to the original country selected in the Country Profile view of the Data Explorer. The reader may return to the original view by clicking on the Back to Country menu option at the top-left corner of the page or may continue exploring the data by clicking through to the other views of the Data Explorer.

Overview of Indicators

This section provides a non-technical explanation and overview of the meaning and definition of each indicator featured in the Global Gender Gap Index. For a more technical exposition, including full methodological details regarding Index construction, please refer to the separate Construction of the Index section in Part 1 of the report.

Key Indicators

The indicators in this section present a range of important data points and factors that can be read in parallel with the Global Gender Gap Index indicators to contextualize gender gap outcomes in the country.

• GDP (current US$ billions). Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using current official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).
• GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international dollars). GDP per capita PPP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the US dollar has in the United States. Data are in constant 2011 international dollars. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).
• Total population (thousands of inhabitants). People of all ages living in the country as of July 2017, regardless of residency status or citizenship (except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin). Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed October 2018).
• Population growth rate (annual percentage). Annual population growth rate is the yearly increase in a country’s population, expressed as a percentage of the population at the start of that period. It reflects the number of births and deaths during a period and the number of people migrating to and from a country. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed October 2018).
• Population sex ratio (female/male). The female-to-male population sex ratio is the number of females per 1,000 males in the population of a society. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed October 2018).
• Global Human Capital Index score (%). Source is the World Economic Forum’s Global Human Capital Report 2017. A country’s overall score on the World Economic Forum’s Global Human Capital Index can roughly be interpreted as a percentage measure of the degree to which a country is successful in developing and deploying the full range of its people’s human capital potential.

Country Score Card

This section provides details on every indicator benchmarked to determine the country’s Global Gender Gap Index 2018 performance. Each indicator is placed in one of the Index’s four thematic subindexes: Economic Participation and Opportunity; Educational Attainment; Health and Survival; and Political Empowerment. Data updates are not necessarily made annually by all countries for all major international databases. Data older than 10 years was considered to be of insufficient relevance for the Index. However, our aim is to monitor the condition of women across the widest possible range of countries. Therefore, to enable certain countries to meet our data availability threshold (12 out of 14 indicators), we have, in exceptional circumstances, used secondary sources of data or re-used individual data points from previous editions of the report.

Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex

• Female, male labour force participation rate, age 15-64 (%). Measures the proportion of a country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work. Labour force data doesn’t take into account workers employed abroad. The dataset includes data as reported and ILO estimates for missing data. Source: ILOSTAT, Modelled Estimates, Labour force participation rate by sex and age, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).
• Wage equality between women and men for similar work. Response to the survey question, “In your country, for similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, significantly below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men). The data is converted to a normalized 0-to-1 scale. Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2017–2018.
• Female, male estimated earned income (US$, PPP). Measures the amount of income that women and men in a country receive in the aggregate. Estimated using the proportion of working women and men, their relative wages, and overall GDP of the country in question in year 2017 or most recent data point available. Source: World Economic Forum calculation based on the methodology of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s Human Development Report 2007/2008.
• Female, male legislators, senior officials and managers (%). The ratio of women to men employed in senior roles, defined by the International Labour Organization as those who plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organizations, or of organizational units within them, and formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and regulations. Corresponds to Major Group 1 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).² Source: ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Employment by occupation, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).
• Female, male professional and technical workers (%). The ratio of women to men employed in professional and technical roles, defined by the International Labour Organization as those who increase the existing stock of knowledge, apply scientific or artistic concepts and theories or those who perform technical and related tasks that require advanced knowledge and skill. Corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and 3 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). Source: ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Employment by occupation, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).

Educational Attainment Subindex

• Female, male literacy rate (%). Percentage of the population aged 15 and over with the ability to both read and write and make simple arithmetic calculations. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018). When not available, data is sourced from United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports 2009, most recent year available between 1997 and 2007.
• Female, male net primary education enrolment rate (%). Percentage of girls and boys in the official primary school age range who are enrolled in primary education. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).
• Female, male net secondary education enrolment rate (%). Percentage of girls and boys in the official age range for secondary education who are enrolled in secondary education. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).
• Female, male tertiary gross enrolment ratio (%). Total enrolment in tertiary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the most recent five-year age cohort that has left secondary school. Tertiary gross enrolment data should be examined within the context of a country structure regarding military service as well as propensity of students to seek education abroad. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).

Health and Survival Subindex

• Sex ratio at birth (%). Refers to the number of boys born alive per 100 girls born alive. Data is converted to a female-over-male value. Biologically, this ratio should vary little and female births should be about 94.4% of male births. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed October 2018).
• Female, male healthy life expectancy (years). Average number of years that a person can expect to live in full health, calculated by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory database, 2017 or latest available data (accessed October 2018).

Political Empowerment Subindex

• Women in parliament (%). Percentage of women holding parliamentary seats. In instances where a parliamentary system is bicameral, the figure used is the one for the lower house. Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments database. Data reflects information provided by National Parliaments by 1 October 2018.
• Women in ministerial positions (%). Percentage of women holding ministerial portfolios. Some overlap between ministers and heads of government that also hold a ministerial portfolio may occur. Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics 2017, reflecting appointments as of 1 January 2017. Data is updated every two years.
• Years with female head of state (last 50 years). The number of years in the past fifty-year period for which a woman has held a post equivalent to an elected head of state or head of government in the country. Source: World Economic Forum calculations, reflecting situation as of 30 June 2018.

Selected Contextual Data

The final section compiles a selection of contextual data that provides a more comprehensive overview of the country’s gender gap and includes social and policy indicators, highlighting a wide range of factors of relevance to closing global gender gaps. The data presented was not used to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index. The indicators in this section are displayed in nine broad categories: workforce participation; economic leadership; access to assets; political leadership; family; care; education and skills; graduates by degree type; and health.

When both data points are available and relevant, female data is displayed first, and male data is displayed second, followed by the female-to-male ratio. A number of indicators not following this structure are clearly highlighted and, where relevant, explained further by superscripted notes at the bottom of each country profile. The “—” symbol indicates where data was not available. Column fields for indicators not following the standard data structure are blank. This year’s edition of the Gender Gap Report re-produces 2017’s editions statistics for this section. Newly updated figures for these indicators can be found at the original source indicated for each variable.

Workforce Participation

• Non-discrimination laws, hiring women. Consolidated survey response—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the question: “Does the law mandate non-discrimination based on gender in hiring?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male youth not in employment or education (%). Proportion of people aged 15–24 not in employment and not in education or training. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Share of youth not in employment and not in education, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Adult unemployment (as % of female, male labour force). Adult unemployment refers to the share of the labour force aged 15-64 that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labour force and unemployment differ by country. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Unemployment rate by sex and age, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male discouraged job seekers (as % of total female, male economically inactive population). Discouraged job-seekers refer to those persons of working age who, during a specified reference period, were without work and available for work but did not look for work in the recent past for specific reasons (for example, believing that there were no jobs available, believing there were none for which they would qualify, or having given up hope of finding employment). Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Discouraged job-seekers by sex and age, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Workers in informal employment (as % of total female, male employment). Informal employment refers to workers holding informal jobs, whether employed by formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, or as paid domestic workers by households. Employees are considered to have informal jobs if their employment relationship is, in law or in practice, not subject to national labour legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits (such as paid annual or sick leave). Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of employment by sex, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• High-skilled share of labour force (%). Measures the proportion of a country’s working-age population with a tertiary degree (ISCED 5-8)³ that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Labour force participation rate by sex and education, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Part-time employment (as % of total female, male employment). Part-time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part-time employment differ by country. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Incidence of part-time employment by sex, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Contributing family workers (as % of female, male labour force). Contributing family worker refers to a person who holds a self-employment job in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household, and who cannot be regarded as a partner because of the degree of his or her commitment to the operation of the establishment, in terms of the working time or other factors to be determined by national circumstances, is not at a level comparable with that of the head of the establishment. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Employment by sex and status in employment, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Own-account workers (as % of female, male labour force). Own-account workers refers to those self-employed who do not hire paid employees on a continuous basis but may have assistance from contributing family workers (unpaid employee who usually live in same household and are related to family members). Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Employment by sex and status in employment, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Average minutes spent on work per day (female, male) and Proportion of work spent on unpaid work per day (female, male). Measure the average minutes spent per day on unpaid work, including routine housework, shopping, care for household members, care for non-household members volunteering, travel related to household activities and other unpaid activities for men and women aged 15–64 years. Source: OECD, Database on Gender Equality, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).

Economic Leadership

• Law mandates equal pay. Consolidated survey response—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the question: “Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Ability of women to rise to positions of leadership. Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies provide women the same opportunities as men to rise to positions of leadership? (1 = not at all, women have no opportunities to rise to positions of leadership; 7 = extensive, women have equal opportunities of leadership)”. Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2016-17.
• Share of women on boards of listed companies (%). The share of women on company boards is derived by calculating country averages of the percentages of women among the members of the board of directors of each company in the OECD ORBIS dataset. The calculation is restricted to companies with at least two board members. The share is also derived for the subset of listed companies. Source: OECD, iLibrary online database, 2016 (accessed September 2017).
• Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms). Refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector with a woman among the principal owners. Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys database, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Firms with female top managers (% of firms). Refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector who report having females as top managers. Top manager refers to the highest-ranking manager or CEO of the establishment. This person may be the owner if he/she works as the manager of the firm. Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys database, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Employers (as % of female, male labour force). Employers refers to those who are “self-employed”, in the sense that their remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced, and who, in this capacity, have engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them as employees. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Employment by sex and status in employment, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• R&D personnel (female, male). Measures the percentage of male and female workers employed directly on Research and Development (R&D), as well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators and clerical staff. People providing indirect services such as canteen and security staff are excluded. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).

Access to Assets

• Percentage of women/men with an account at a financial institution (%). Measures the percentage of women and men who report having an account (self or jointly with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution. Source: World Bank, Global Financial Inclusion Database, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Women’s access to financial services. Refers to whether women and men have equal access to financial service. Data originally recorded on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been converted to a qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”) to avoid confusion with the data structure elsewhere in the report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
• Inheritance rights for daughters. Refers to whether daughters and sons have equal inheritance rights. Data originally recorded on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been converted to a qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”) to avoid confusion with the data structure elsewhere in the report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
• Women’s secure access to land use, control and ownership and Women’s secure access to non-land assets use, control and ownership. Refer to whether women and men have equal and secure access to land use, control and ownership and whether women and men have equal and secure access to non-land assets use, control and ownership. Data originally recorded on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been converted to a qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”) to avoid confusion with the data structure elsewhere in the report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
• Mean monthly earnings (local currency unit, thousands). Mean earnings of employees, in local currency units, in nominal terms—meaning not adjusted for inflation. The figure excludes employer’s contribution to social security and pension schemes. Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Mean nominal monthly earnings of employees by sex and economic activity (Local currency), 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).

Political Leadership

• Year women received right to vote and Years since any women received voting rights. Refer to the year in which the right to vote or stand for election on a universal and equal basis was recognized. Where two years are shown, the first refers to the first partial recognition of the right to vote or stand for election. Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009.
• Number of female heads of state to date. Source: World Economic Forum calculations, situation as of 30 June 2017.
• Quota for women on candidate lists in national elections and Quota for women on candidate lists in local elections. Consolidated survey response—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the questions: “What are the quotas for women representatives on candidate lists in national elections?” and “What are the quotas for women representatives on candidate lists in local elections?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Voluntary political party quotas. Source: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm University and Inter-Parliamentarian Union, Quota Project, Global Database of Quotas for women (accessed September 2017); www.quotaproject.org.
• Seats held in upper house (%). Percentage of women in the upper house or first chamber of parliament, where applicable. Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments. Data reflects information provided by National Parliaments by 1 September 2017.

Family

• Average length of single life (years) (female, male). The singulate mean age at marriage is an estimate of the average number of years lived in the single state among those who marry before age 50. Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men in Families, 2013 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Proportion of individuals married by age 25 (female, male). Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Marriage Data 2015 (accessed September 2017).
• Mean age of women at the birth of the first child (years). The mean age of mothers at first child’s birth is defined as the average completed year of age of women when their first child is born. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Average number of children per woman. Measures the average number of children a hypothetical cohort of women would have at the end of their reproductive period if they were subject during their whole lives to the fertility rates of a given period and if they were not subject to mortality. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Women with unmet demand for family planning (%). Percentage of married women aged 15-49 with an unmet need for family planning, i.e. who do not want any more children for the next two years and who are not using contraception. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
• Potential support ratio (%). The ratio of people living in the country aged 15–64 as a percentage of the population aged 65 and above, as of July 2016. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Total dependency ratio (%). The ratio of people living in the country aged under 15 and 65 and above as a percentage of the population between age 15 and 64, as of July 2016. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Parity of parental rights in marriage and Parity of parental rights after divorce. Refer to legal guardianship of a child during marriage and to custody rights over a child after divorce. Data originally recorded on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been converted to a qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”) to avoid confusion with the data structure elsewhere in the Report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).

Care

• Length of parental leave (days) and Provider of parental leave benefits. Consolidated survey responses—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the questions: “What is the length of paid parental leave?”, “Who pays parental leave benefits?” and “What percentage of wages is paid during parental leave?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Length of maternity / paternity leave (days), Wages paid during maternity / paternity leave and Provider of maternity / paternity leave benefits. Consolidated survey responses—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the questions: “What is the length of paid maternity / paternity leave?”, “Who pays maternity / paternity leave benefits?” and “What percentage of wages is paid during maternity / paternity leave?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Government supports or provides childcare. Consolidated survey response—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the question: “Does the government support or provide childcare services?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Government provides child allowance to parents. Consolidated survey response—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the question: “Does the government provide a child allowance to parents?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).

Education and Skills

• Percentage of out-of-school children of primary school age (female, male). Measures the male and female share of the total number of out-of-school children of primary school age. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male primary education attainment rate (% aged 25 and over). Percentage of the population aged 25 and over with at least a primary education (ISCED 1). Data is cumulative, which means that those with secondary education and above are counted in the figures. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male primary education attainment rate (% aged 25–54). Percentage of the population aged 25–54 with at least a primary education (ISCED 1). Data is cumulative, which means that those with secondary education and above are counted in the figures. Source: Lutz et al., IIASA/VID Educational Attainment Model, GET Projection, 2015, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (accessed September 2017); Barro and Lee, “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010”, Journal of Development Economics, 2010 (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male primary education attainment rate (% aged 65 and over). Percentage of the population aged 65 and over with at least a primary education (ISCED 1). Data is cumulative, which means that those with secondary education and above are counted in the figures. Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit. (accessed September 2017).
• Out-of-school youth of upper secondary school age (female, male) (%). Measures the male and female share of the total number of out-of-school youth of upper secondary school age. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate (% aged 25 and over). Percentage of the population aged 25 and over with at least a secondary education (ISCED 2–4). This data is cumulative, which means that those with tertiary education are counted in the figures. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate (% aged 25–54). Percentage of the population aged 25–54 with at least a secondary education (ISCED 2–4). This data is cumulative, which means that those with tertiary education are counted in the figures. Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit. (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate (% aged 65 and over). Percentage of the population aged 65 and over with at least a secondary education (ISCED 2–4). This data is cumulative, which means that those with tertiary education are counted in the figures. Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit. (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate (% aged 25 and over). Percentage of the population aged 25 and over with a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate (% aged 25–54). Percentage of the population aged 25–54 with a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8). Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit. (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate (% aged 65 and over). Percentage of the population aged 65 and over with a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8). Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit. (accessed September 2017).
• PhD graduates (female, male). Measures the percentage of graduates from tertiary (ISCED 8), doctoral or equivalent level programmes, expressed as a percentage of total graduates from tertiary education programmes (ISCED 5-8). A graduate is a person who, during the reference academic year, has successfully completed an education programme. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of individuals using the internet (female, male). Refers to the proportion of individuals who used the internet from any location in the last three months. Source: World International Telecommunications Union, ICT Indicators database, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Graduates by Degree Type
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Arts and Humanities (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Arts and Humanities (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Business, Administration and Law (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Business, Administration and Law (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Education (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Education (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Health and Welfare (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Health and Welfare (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Information and Communication Technologies (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Information and Communication Technologies (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Services (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Services (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Social Sciences, Journalism and Information (female, male). Measures the percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Social Sciences, Journalism and Information (% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).

Health

• Mortality of children under age 5, all causes, age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population for all causes for children under the age of 5 years. Source: World Health Organization, Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed September 2017).
• Mortality due to non-communicable diseases, age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population for non-communicable diseases, including malignant neoplasms (all forms of cancer), diabetes, neurological conditions, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, genitourinary diseases and others. Source: World Health Organization, Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed September 2017).
• Mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases, age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population for infectious and parasitic diseases, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, childhood-cluster diseases (whooping cough, diphtheria, measles and tetanus), meningitis, encephalitis, hepatitis and parasitic and vector diseases (malaria, schistosomiasis, dengue, yellow fever, rabies and others). Source: World Health Organization, Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed September 2017).
• Mortality due to accidental injuries, age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population for accidental injuries, including road injury, poisonings, falls, fire, heat and hot substances, drowning, exposure to mechanical forces and natural disasters. Source: World Health Organization, Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed September 2017).
• Mortality due to intentional injuries and self-harm, age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population for intentional injuries, including self-harm, interpersonal violence, collective violence and conflict. Source: World Health Organization, Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed September 2017).
• Maternal mortality in childbirth (per 100,000 live births). The maternal mortality ratio is the annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births, for a specified year. Source: World Health Organization, Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed September 2017).
• Existence of legislation on domestic violence. Consolidated survey response—representing the expert view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—answering the question: “Is there domestic violence legislation?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime. Percentage of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner at some time in their lives. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
• Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s physical health. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Policies database, 2015 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Births attended by skilled health personnel (%). Measures the percentage of live births attended by skilled health personnel in a given period of time. Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, Maternal Health, 2015 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Antenatal care coverage, at least four visits (%). Measures the percentage of women aged 15–49 with a live birth in a given time period that received antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives) at least four times during pregnancy. Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, Maternal Health, 2015 or latest available data (accessed September 2017).