Country Profiles: Page 1

The first page of each Country Profile displays overall results on the Global Gender Gap Index; key demographic and economic indicators; details of each of the 14 indicators that are used to build the Global Gender Gap Index; country results relative to income group and country results relative to the 145-country sample average.

1. Global Gender Gap Index Score and Rank

• The country’s overall performance on the Global Gender Gap Index on a 0-to-1 scale and its rank out of 145 countries.

2. Key Demographic and Economic Indicators

• GDP (constant 2005 US$ billions): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). GDP at purchaser’s price is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using 2005 official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.
• GDP per capita PPP (constant 2011 international dollars): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s price is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2011 international dollars.
• Total population (in millions of people): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2014 (accessed July 2015). Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates.
• Population growth (annual percentage):  Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2014 (accessed July 2015). Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin.
• Overall population sex ratio (male/female):  Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision (accessed July 2015).

3. Country Score Card (Gender Gap Subindexes)

This section provides an overview of each country’s rankings and scores on the four subindexes of the Global Gender Gap Report 2015, as well as on the individual indicators that compose each subindex. For each of the indicators that enter into the Global Gender Gap Index 2015, column one displays the country’s rank; column two displays the country’s score; column three displays the population-weighted sample average (145 countries); column four displays the female value; column five displays the male value; and, finally, column six displays the female-to-male ratio.

To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the equality benchmark of 1 (for more details, please refer to Part 1) and thus the highest score possible is 1—except for the Sex ratio at birth (0.944) and the Healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators. In the case of countries where women surpass men on particular indicators, the reader can refer to the exact female and male values as well as the female-to-male ratio to understand the magnitude of the female advantage.

The bar charts visually display the female-to-male ratio for each of the 14 indicators, allowing the reader to see clearly when the female-to-male ratio is above or below the equality benchmark. Values above 1 (the equality benchmark) favour women and values below 1 favour men. Please note that the equality benchmark is 1 for all variables except Sex ratio at birth (0.944) and Healthy life expectancy (1.06). Therefore, the equality benchmark of 1 in the bar charts for these two indicators is not strictly accurate. Finally, in the few cases where the ratio exceeds the scale of the bar chart (which ends at 1.5), the reader should refer to the number under the “female-to-male ratio” column for the actual value.

The female and male values are displayed without decimals in order to facilitate reading. For example, the values for Women in parliament and Women in ministerial positions are on a scale of 0 to 100 and the value of Years with a female head of state is on a scale of 0 to 50. Due to rounding, data that represent less than six months are displayed as zero, although they are fully considered in the construction of the Index. The reader can refer to the female-over-male ratio in order to see specific values.

Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex

• Labour force participation rate, age 15–64 (%): Source is the International Labour Office’s (ILO) KILM, (EAPEP) database 6th edition, ILO estimates, 2013 or latest available data (accessed August 2015). Measures the proportion of a country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work.¹ Labour force data doesn’t take into account workers employed abroad. The dataset includes data as reported and ILO estimates for missing data.
• Wage equality between men and women for similar work: Source is the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey, 2015. Response to the survey question, “In your country, for similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, significantly below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men). The data is converted to a female-over-male ratio. For selected countries the years of the data are slightly different. For Wage equality for similar work, the average of two or three past years were calculated for the United Arab Emirates (2012–2014), Azerbaijan (2013–2014), Burundi (2013–2014), Guinea (2013–2014), Russian Federation (2013–2014) and Seychelles (2013–2014).
• Estimated earned income: Calculated using the methodology of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s Human Development Report 2007/2008. Data used to calculate this indicator include:  world population by country, GDP PPP (current international $), labour force participation rate, and mean nominal monthly earnings of employees by economic activity. Where possible, mean nominal monthly earnings do not include the agriculture economic activity estimates. Otherwise, earnings across all economic sectors were used. The substitution is possible because agricultural activity is often not reported or underreported. For purposes of calculating its index, the UNDP caps the estimated earned income at US$ 40,000 PPP. The same methodology has been used in this Report.
• Legislators, senior officials and managers: Corresponds to the Major Group 1 for (ISCO-881 and ISCO-08) and Major Group 2 for (ISCO-68). Source is the ILO, ILOStat, Employment by occupation, 2014 or latest available data (accessed August 2015). Estimates for countries that have implemented the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-88) and (ISCO-68). In order to include Fiji, Philippines and Zambia in the Report, data from the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2009 were used for the Legislators, senior officials and managers indicator.
• Professional and technical workers: Corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and 3 for (ISCO-88 and ISCO-08) and to Major Group 0/1 for (ISCO-68). Source is the ILO, ILOStat, Employment by occupation, 2014 or latest available data (accessed August 2015). When not available, data is sourced from the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report 2009. Estimates for countries that have implemented the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-88) or (ISCO-68). In order to include Fiji, Philippines and Zambia in the Report, data from the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2009 were used for this indicator.

Educational Attainment Subindex

• Literacy rate (%): Percentage of population aged 15 years and over who can both read and write and understand a short simple statement on his/her everyday life. Source is UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2015 or latest data available (accessed July 2015). When not available, data is sourced from United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports 2009, the most recent year available between 1997 and 2007.
• Enrolment in primary education (%): Total number of students in the theoretical age group for primary education enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. Source is UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2014 or latest available data (accessed September 2015).
• Enrolment in secondary education (%): Total number of students in the theoretical age group for secondary education enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. Source is UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2014 or latest available data (accessed September 2015). Given that secondary net enrolment rates were not available for Côte d’Ivoire, India, Nigeria, and Singapore, those countries’ percentages of students in secondary education, taken from UNESCO, were used to include these countries in the Report. The data is therefore not strictly comparable.
• Enrolment in tertiary education (%): Total enrolment in tertiary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total population of the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age. Tertiary gross enrolment data should be examined within the context of a country structure regarding military service as well as propensity of student to seek education abroad. Source is UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015).

Health and Survival Subindex

• Sex ratio at birth (female/male): Refers to the number of boys born alive per 100 girls born alive. Data is converted to a female over male value. Source is the Central Intelligence Agency’s The CIA World Factbook, data updated weekly, 2015 (accessed July 2015).
• Healthy life expectancy: Average number of years that a person can expect to live in “full health” by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory database, data from 2013 (accessed July 2015).

Political Empowerment Subindex

• Women in parliament (%): Percentage of women in the lower or single House. Source is the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments. Data reflect information provided by National Parliaments by 1 September 2015.
• Women in ministerial positions: Percentage of women holding ministerial portfolios. Some overlap between ministers and heads of state that also hold a ministerial portfolio may occur. Source is the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics 2015, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2015. Data is updated every two years.
• Years with female head of state (last 50): The abbreviation “female head of state” is used to describe an elected female head of state or head of government. Source is World Economic Forum calculations, 30 June 2015.

Data updates are not made in all major international databases annually. The threshold applied for all data is 1997.

Our aim is to monitor the condition of women across the widest possible range of countries across the world. To meet our 12-data point cut-off, we have on occasion substituted data points when otherwise we would have had to drop specific countries. Therefore, in a number of cases, we used the secondary sources mentioned under each indicator. In exceptional circumstances, we repeated previous years’ entries, which are no longer featured in online repositories. This includes Angola and Burkina Faso (Wage equality for similar work); Brazil (Tertiary gross enrolment ratio); United States (Sex ratio at birth).

4. Performance Relative to Sample Average

The chart in the bottom left-hand side compares the country’s score for each of the four subindexes of the Global Gender Gap Report 2015 with the average score weighted by population across all 145 countries. The centre of the chart corresponds to the lowest possible score (0), while the outermost corners of the chart correspond to the highest possible score (1), or equality. Please note that the equality benchmark is 1 for all indicators, except Sex ratio at birth (0.944) and Healthy life expectancy (1.06). Therefore, the equality benchmark of 1 for the Health and Survival subindex is not strictly accurate.

5. Performance Relative to Income Group

The chart in the bottom right-hand side compares the country’s index and subindex scores with its income group maximum, minimum and average values. There are four different income groups: low income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income and high income. Income classifications are taken from the World Bank. Further details can be found in Table A2 of Appendix A.

Country Profiles: Page 2

The second page of each Country Profile displays each country’s evolution on the overall index and on the subindexes, both numerically and visually. In addition, this page provides over 50 contextual indicators for each country.

6. Index over the years

The first section of the second page of each Country Profile presents the evolution of that country’s overall performance on the Global Gender Gap Index from 2006 to 2015, and on the four subindexes (Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment), measured by changes in rank and score (on a 0-to-1 scale). The last line shows the difference in score between 2006 and 2015 (or a shorter period if a country was included after 2006) for the Index and the four subindexes. The values are marked with either a downward or upward trending arrow to represent a decrease or increase in score. Please note that for decreasing values truncated at 0.000 there is no negative sign.

7. Selected Contextual Data

The final section compiles a selection of data that provide a more comprehensive overview of the country’s gender gap, and includes social and policy indicators. These data were not used to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index 2015. The indicators in this section are displayed in five broad categories: Employment and Leadership; Education and Technology; Health; Family; and Rights and Norms. When both data are available and relevant, female data are displayed first, in blue, and male data are displayed second, in black.

Employment and Leadership

• Female, male adult unemployment (as % of female, male labour force): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2013 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Unemployment refers to the share of the labour force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labour force and unemployment differ by country.
• Female, male part-time employment (as % of total female, male employment): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2012 or latest available data (accessed June 2015). Part-time employment refers to regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part-time employment differ by country.
• Female, male workers in informal employment (% of non-agricultural employment): Source is the International Labour Organization’s Laborsta Informal economy-cross-country online database, 2010 or latest available data (accessed June 2015). Excludes employment in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities.
• Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (% of total non-agricultural employment): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2012 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (industry and services), expressed as a percentage of total employment in the non-agricultural sector. Industries include mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas, and water. Services include wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services.
• Average minutes spent per day on unpaid work (female, male): Source is the OECD’s Database on Gender Equality, 2011, or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the average minutes spent per day on unpaid work, including routine housework, shopping, care for household members, care for non-household members volunteering, travel related to household activities and other unpaid activities for men and women aged 15–64 years.
• Percentage of women/men with an account at a financial institution (% aged over 15): Source is the World Bank’s Global Financial Inclusion Database (Global Findex) (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of men and women who report having an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution.
• Ability of women to rise to positions of leadership: Source is the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey 2014–2015. The survey question is as follows: “In your country, to what extent do companies provide women the same opportunities as men to rise to positions of leadership? (1 = not at all, women have no opportunities to rise to positions of leadership; 7 = extensive, women have equal opportunities of leadership)”. For selected countries the years of the data are slightly different.
• Firms with female top managers (% of firms): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector who report having females as top managers. Top manager refers to the highest-ranking manager or CEO of the establishment. This person may be the owner if he/she works as the manager of the firm. The results are based on surveys of more than 100,000 private firms.
• Share of women on boards of listed companies (%): Source is the OECD iLibrary online database, 2009 (accessed July 2015). The share of women on company boards is derived by calculating country averages of the percentages of women among the members of the board of directors of each company in the OECD ORBIS dataset. The calculation is restricted to companies with at least two board members. The share is also derived for the subset of listed companies.
• Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms):  Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators online database, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of firms with a woman among the principal owners.
• Percentage of total R&D personnel (FTE, female, male): Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) database, 2012 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of male and female workers employed directly on Research and Development (R&D), as well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators and clerical staff. People providing indirect services such as canteen and security staff are excluded.

Education and Technology

• Out-of-school children of primary school age, (female, male) (%): Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) 2015 database (accessed September 2015). Measures the male and female share of the total number of out-of-school children of primary school age.
• Female, male primary education attainment rate (% aged over 25): Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) 2015 database (accessed September 2015). Percentage of the population with at least a primary education (ISCED 1). Data is cumulative, which means that those with secondary education and above are counted in the figures. Therefore, the total figures across more than one category may add up to more than 100%.
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate (% aged over 25): Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) 2015 database (accessed September 2015). Percentage of the population with at least a secondary education (ISCED 2–4). This data is cumulative, which means that those with tertiary education are counted in the figures. Therefore, the total figures across more than one category may add up to more than 100%.
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate (% aged over 25): Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) 2015 database (accessed September 2015). Percentage of the population with at least a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8).
• Percentage of tertiary-level STEM students, (female, male):  Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) database (received September 2015). Measures the percentage of female and male students enrolled in ISCED 8 programmes in Science, Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction (% of total number of enrolments).
• Percentage of tertiary-level STEM graduates, (female, male): Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) database (received September 2015). Measures the percentage of female and male students enrolled in ISCED 8 programmes in Science, Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction (% of total number of graduates).
• Percentage of PhD graduates (female, male):  Source is UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) database, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of female graduates from tertiary ISCED Level 8 doctoral or equivalent level programmes, expressed as a percentage of total graduates from the same ISCED level programmes. A graduate is a person who, during the reference academic year, has successfully completed an education programme.
• Percentage of individuals using the internet (female, male): Source is the World International Telecommunications Union’s (ITU) ICT Indicators database, 2013 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Refers to the proportion of individuals who used the internet from any location in the last three months.
• Percentage of individuals using a mobile cellular telephone (female, male): Source is the World Telecommunication Union, previously unpublished data, 2013 or latest available data (received on July 2015). Measures the proportion of individuals who used a mobile telephone in the last three months.

Health

• Cardiovascular disease, age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000–2012 database (accessed August 2015). Measures the age-standardized death rates per 100,000 for cardiovascular diseases, including rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, cardiomyopathy, myocardities and endocarditis.
• Cancer age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000–2012 database (accessed August 2015). Measures the age-standardized death rate per 100,000 for malignant neoplasms, including mouth and oropharynx cancer, oesophagus cancer, stomach cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, pancreas cancer, trachea, bronchus and lung cancers, melanoma and skin cancer, breast cancer, cervix uteri cancer, corpus uteri cancer, ovary cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, lymphomas and multiple myeloma, leukaemia and other malignant neoplasms.
• Diabetes age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000–2012 database (accessed August 2015). Measures age-standardized death rate per 100,000 for diabetes mellitus.
• Chronic respiratory diseases age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000-2012 database (accessed August 2015). Measures age-standardized death rate per 100,000 for chronic respiratory disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.
• HIV/AIDS age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000–2012 (accessed August 2015). Measures age-standardized death rate per 100,000 by HIV/AIDS.
• Malaria age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000–2012 database (accessed August 2015). Measures age-standardized death rate per 100,000 for malaria.
• Tuberculosis age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates 2013: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex by Country 2000–2012 database (accessed August 2015). Measures age-standardized death rate per 100,000 for tuberculosis.
• Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (female, male) (% of children under 5): Source is the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, (WDI) online database, 2014 or latest available data (accessed September 2015). Measures the prevalence of child malnutrition in the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population aged 0–59 months. Data are based on the WHO’s child growth standards released in 2006.
• Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal Health, 2013 database (accessed July 2015). Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births, for a specified year.
• Total fertility rate (children per woman): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Demographic and Socioeconomic Statistics database, 2013 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the average number of children a hypothetical cohort of women would have at the end of their reproductive period if they were subject during their whole lives to the fertility rates of a given period and if they were not subject to mortality.
• Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 girls aged 15–19): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Demographic and Socioeconomic Statistics database, 2013 or latest available (accessed July 2015). Measures the annual number of births per 1,000 women aged 15–19.
• Antenatal care coverage – at least one visit (%): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal Health, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of women aged 15–49 with a live birth in a given time period who received antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives) at least once during pregnancy.
• Births attended by skilled health personnel (%): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal Health, 2014 or latest available data (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of live births attended by skilled health personnel in a given period of time.
• Contraceptive prevalence, married or in-union women (% any method): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division’s 2015 update for the MDG Database (accessed September 2015). Measures the percentage of women aged 15–49 years, married or in-union, who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is using, at least one method of contraception, regardless of the method used.
• Existence of legislation permitting abortion to preserve a woman’s physical health: Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Abortion Policies 2013 database (accessed July 2015).

Family

• Singulate mean age at marriage (years) (female, male): Source is the United Nations Statistics Division, Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men, 2013 or latest available data (accessed June 2015). The singulate mean age at marriage is an estimate of the average number of years lived in the single state among those who marry before age 50.
• Early marriage (% women, aged 15–19): Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development database 2014 (GID-DB) (accessed July 2015). Measures the percentage of women married between 15 and 19 years of age.
• Mean age of women at the birth of the first child: Source is the OECD’s Family Database (The Structure of Families – Fertility Indicators) 2012, or latest available data (accessed July 2015). The mean age of mothers at first child’s birth is defined as the average completed year of age of women when their first child is born.
• Length of paid maternity leave (calendar days), Provider of maternity leave benefits and Percent of wages paid during maternity leave: Sources are the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation’s Women, Business and Law: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2015).
• Length of paternity leave (calendar days), Provider of paternity leave benefits and Percent of wages paid during paternity leave: Sources are the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation’s Women, Business and Law: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2015).

Rights and Norms

• Parental authority in marriage and Parental authority after divorce: Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2014 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2015). Refers to legal guardianship of a child during marriage and to custody rights over a child after divorce. The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.
• Female genital mutilation (% of women aged 15–49): Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2014 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2015). Refers to the percentage of women who have undergone any type of female genital mutilation, as defined by the World Health Organization.
• Existence of legislation on domestic violence: Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2014 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2015). Refers to whether the legal framework offers women legal protection from domestic violence. The indicator takes a value of 0 when there is specific legislation in place; 0.25 when there is specific legislation in place but there are widespread reported problems with implementation; 0.5 when there is general legislation in place or specific legislation is inadequate; 0.75 when legislation is being planned, drafted or reviewed or existing legislation is highly inadequate; and 1 when there is no legislation.
• Existence of legislation on gender-based discrimination: Source is the World Economic Forum’s Policy Frameworks for Gender Equality Survey 2011, 2012 and 2013 database (accessed July 2015).
• Inheritance rights of daughters: Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2014 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2015). Refers to whether daughters and sons have equal inheritance rights. The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.
• Women’s secure access to land use, control and ownership, Women’s access to financial services, and Women’s secure access to non-land assets use, control and ownership: Source is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2014 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2015). Refers to whether women and men have equal and secure access to land use, control and ownership; whether women and men have equal access to financial services; and whether women and men have equal and secure access to non-land assets use, control and ownership. The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.
• Year women received right to vote: Source is the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report 2009 database (accessed July 2015). Refers to the year in which the right to vote or stand for election on a universal and equal basis was recognised. Where two years are shown, the first refers to the first partial recognition of the right to vote or stand for election.
• Quota type (single/lower house) and Voluntary political party quotas: Sources are the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm University and the Inter-Parliamentarian Union’s QuotaProject, Global Database of Quotas for Women (accessed July 2015). (www.quotaproject.org).