Editor

Professor Klaus Schwab
Executive Chairman
World Economic Forum 

Project Team at the Centre for the New Economy and Society

Thierry Geiger
Head, Research and Benchmarking Practice

Roberto Crotti
Practice Lead

Jean-Francois Trinh Tan
Economist

Sophie Brown
Project Specialist

Silja Baller
Practice Lead

Attilio Di Battista
Practice Lead

We are immensely grateful to Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín, Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness Report, for his longstanding guidance and support, and to Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, former Head of the System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Economic Progress, for her leadership and friendship over the years. We thank Saadia Zahidi, Head of the Centre for the New Economy and Society and Member of the Managing Board, for her unwavering support. 

We are extremely grateful to Ilaria Marchese for her invaluable research assistance and to our colleagues in the Centre for the New Economy and Society for their help and support, in particular Ciara Porawski and Genesis El Hussein. We thank Michael Fisher and Andrew Wright for their excellent editing work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout.

The authors would like to thank the many experts, practitioners and government who provided valuable suggestions and feedback during the development of the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. 

We are also grateful to all the organizations, from which we source the indicators that compose the Index. Without their tremendous efforts in collecting data, this work would not be possible. In particular, we thank the staff of the following organizations for providing privileged access to datasets, and for their help, guidance, and feedback: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, International Air Transport Association, International Energy Agency, International Monetary Fund, International Telecommunications Union, International Trade Centre, International Trade Union Confederation, OECD, UNESCO, and the World Bank.

Finally, we acknowledge and thank the organizations listed on the following pages as our valued Partner Institutes, which help administer the Executive Opinion Survey and advance the competitiveness agenda in their respective economies.

Online report by Design Resources Ltd

Partner Institutes

Albania
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Artan Hoxha, President
Elira Jorgoni, Research Director
Helton Cevi, Researcher

Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD)
Yacine Belarbi, Director
Khaled Menna, Director of Macroeconomics and Economic Integration Division

Angola
Jobartis
Luis Verdeja, Director
João Freitas, Country Manager

Argentina
IAE—Universidad Austral
Carlos Marcelo Belloni, Research Analyst
Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Director of Academic Department of Economics

Armenia
Economy and Values Research Center
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate

Australia
Australian Industry Group
Colleen Dowling, Senior Research Analyst
Julie Toth, Chief Economist
Innes Willox, Chief Executive

Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Christoph Badelt, Director
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Fuad Aliyev, Consultant
Ashraf Hajiyev, Coordinator

Bahrain
Bahrain Economic Development Board
Khalid Al Rumaihi, Chief Executive
Nada Azmi, Senior Manager, Competitiveness Advocacy
Rana Abdel Haq, Junior Executive, Competitiveness Advocacy

Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Fahmida Khatun, Executive Director
Mustafizur Rahman, Professor and Distinguished Fellow
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Director

Belgium
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
Soha Saati, Corporate Alliances Manager

Benin
Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP)
Horace Gninanfon, Research Assistant
Stéphania Houngan, Research Associate
Léonard Wantchekon, Director

Bosnia and Herzegovina
MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo
Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor
Zeljko Sain, Executive Director
Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director

Botswana
Botswana National Productivity Centre
Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician
Baeti Molake, Executive Director
Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research Services Department

Brazil
Fundação Dom Cabral (FDC), Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center
Carlos Arruda, Professor and Director
Ana Burcharth, Associate Professor
Debora Rodrigues Dias, Research Assistant

Brunei Darussalam
Ease of Doing Business Unit, Ministry of Energy (Energy and Manpower) and Industry

Bulgaria
Center for Economic Development
Maria Prohaska, Director

Burkina Faso
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie du Burkina Faso (CCI-BF)
Issaka Kargougou, Directeur Général
Thimothée Dabire, Directeur des Etudes et de la Stratégie
Zakaya Ramde, Chef du Service Statistiques

Burundi
Faculty of Economics and Management, Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), University of Burundi
Isaac Bizimana, Dean of the Faculty
Léonidas Ndayizeye, Head of Department
Arcade Ndoricimpa, Director of the Centre

Cambodia
Nuppun Research and Consulting Co., Ltd
Pisey Khin, Managing Director
Sonng Sin, Research Assistant
Chakriya Heng, Admin and Finance Assistant

Cameroon
Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee)
Lucien Sanzouango, Secrétaire Permanent (Permanent Secretary)
Justin Otsin, Expert Senior Survey

Canada
The Conference Board of Canada
Michael Burt, Executive Director, Industrial Economic Trends
Eleni Kachulis, Research Associate

Cape Verde
Center for Applied Statistics and Econometrics Research – INOVE
Júlio Delgado, Director
Jerónimo Freire, Project Manager
Frantz Tavares, Chief Executive Officer

Chad
Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur la Gouvernance, les Industries Extractives et le Développement durable (CERGIED)
Mbairassem Simael, Researcher
Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director

Chile
School of Government, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
Ignacio Briones, Dean
Julio Guzman, Assistant Professor

China
Institute of Economic System and Management, National Development and Reform Commission
Chen Wei, Division Director and Professor
Li Yeyan, Research Fellow
Wang Hai, Deputy Director
The China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
Bojuan Zhao, Professor
Lu Dong, Professor
Jian Wang, Associate Professor

Colombia
National Planning Department
Luis Fernando Mejía, Director
Juan Sebastian Robledo, Director, Private Sector Development
Sara Rivera, Project Manager
Colombian Private Council on Competitiveness
Rosario Córdoba, President
Rafael Puyana, Vice President

Congo, Democratic Republic of
Congo-Invest Consulting (CIC)
Teza Bila, Managing Director
Alphonse Mande, Project Coordinator

Côte d’Ivoire
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire
Kouakou Germain Yao, Directeur des Etudes et de l’Information Economique
Centre de Promotion des Investissements en Côte d’Ivoire (CEPICI)
Esmel Emmanuel Essis, Directeur Général

Croatia
National Competitiveness Council
Jadranka Gable, Advisor
Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow

Cyprus
European University Cyprus
Bambos Papageorgiou, Project Coordinator
Bank of Cyprus Public Company Ltd
Michalis Persianis, Director for Corporate Affairs

Czechia
CMC Graduate School of Business
Tomáš Janča, Executive Director

Denmark
Danish Technological Institute
Stig Yding Sørensen, Senior Specialist, Center for Business and Policy Analysis
Karsten Frøhlich Hougaard, Center Director, Center for Business and Policy Analysis

Ecuador
ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)
Xavier Ordeñana, Dean
Sara Wong, Professor
Tania Tenesaca, Project Coordinator

Egypt
The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES)
Abla Abdel Latif, Executive Director and Director of Research
Khaled Wahid, Head of Statistical Department

Estonia
Estonian Institute of Economic Research (EKI)
Marje Josing, Director
Enterprise Estonia (EAS)
Veiko Pärn, Member of the Board

Eswatini
Federation of Swaziland Employers and Chamber of Commerce (FSE & CC)
Musa Maseko, Trade and Business Support Coordinator
Ntsandvose Dlamini, Trade and Commerce Officer

Ethiopia
African Institute of Management, Development and Governance
Tegegne Teka, Senior Expert and Team Leader
Adugna Girma, Operations Manager

Finland
ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Markku Kotilainen, Research Director
Petri Rouvinen, Research Director
Vesa Vihriälä, Managing Director

France
HEC Paris, HEC Paris Executive Education
Armelle Dufour, Global Initiatives Director, Global Business Development

Gambia, The
The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI)
Makaireh A. Njie, Director

Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Vakhtang Charaia, Executive Director
Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors

Germany
WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management
Ralf Fendel, Professor, Chair of Monetary Economics
Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics

Ghana
Association of Ghana Industries (AGI)
Yaw Adu Gyamfi, President
Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Chief Executive Officer
John Defor, Director for Policy & Research

Greece
SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises
Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Macroeconomic Analysis and European Policy
Thanasis Printsipas, Associate Advisor, Macroeconomic Analysis and European Policy

Guatemala
FUNDESA
Juan Carlos Paiz, President of the Board of Directors
Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Officer

Guinea
Confédération Patronale Des Entreprises De Guinée
Hadja Aïssatou Gnouma Traore, Présidente
Kerfalla Camara, 1er Vice-Président chargé de l’International
Mohamed Benogo Conde, Secrétaire Général

Haiti
Group Croissance S.A.
Kesner F. Pharel, Chief Executive Officer
University Quisqueya

Hong Kong SAR
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
Watson Chan, Deputy Chief Executive Officer (Policy & Business Development)
Wilson Chong, Senior Economist

Hungary
KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd.
Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer
Peter Vakhal, Project Manager

Iceland
Innovation Center Iceland
Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Marketing
Fjalar Sigurdarson, Marketing Manager
Snaebjorn Kristjansson, Operational R&D Manager

India
LeadCap Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd (LeadCap Ventures)
Sangeeth Varghese, Managing Director
Vidyadhar Prabhudesai, Director

Indonesia
Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, University of Trisakti
Ida Busnetti, Vice Director
Tulus Tambunan, Director

Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, Deputy of Economic Affairs
Morteza Allahdad, Economic Deputy
Mohammadreza Doostmohammadi, Project Manager
Farnaz Safdari, Research Associate

Ireland
Ibec, representing Irish Business
Fergal O’Brien, Director of Policy and Public Affairs
Geraldine Anderson, Head of Research

Israel
Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI)
Shraga Brosh, President
Dan Catarivas, Foreign Trade & International Relations Director General
Ruby Ginel, Chief Executive Officer

Italy
SDA Bocconi School of Management
Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University
Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department

Jamaica
Mona School of Business & Management (MSBM), The University of the West Indies, Mona
David McBean, Executive Director
William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit
Patricia Douce, Project Administrator, Professional Services Unit

Japan
Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives)
Hironori Saito, General Manager for Policy Studies

Jordan
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation
Mary Kawar, Minister of Planning and International Cooperation
Ziad Obeidat, Secretary General
Basem Kanan, Director of Policies and Studies Dept

Kazakhstan
Center for Strategic Initiatives
Olzhas Khudaibergenov, Senior Partner
Bakytzhan Sarkeyev, Director
Sanzhar Batyrov, Consultant

Kenya
Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow
Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor
Winnie Mitullah, Director and Associate Research Professor

Korea, Republic of
Korea Development Institute
Joonghae Suh, Executive Director, Economic Information and Education Center
Youngho Jung, Head, Public Opinion Analysis Unit
Jiyeon Park, Senior Research Associate, Public Opinion Analysis Unit

Kuwait
Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee
Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member
Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman
Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member

Kyrgyz Republic
Economic Policy Institute
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman

Lao PDR
Enterprise & Development Consultants Co., Ltd

Latvia
Stockholm School of Economics in Riga
Arnis Sauka, Head of the Centre for Sustainable Development

Lebanon
InfoPro, Research Department
Joseph Haddad, Research Operations Manager
Barrak Dbeiss, Project Manager

Lesotho
Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho
Manapo Mofolo, Researcher
Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer
Kutloano Sello, President, Researcher

Lithuania
Statistics Lithuania
Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division
Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division
Vilija Lapeniene, Director General

Luxembourg
Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce
Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Director General
Jean-Baptiste Nivet, Research Analyst
Laure Demezet, Research Analyst

Macedonia
Economic Chamber of North-West Macedonia
Drilon Iseni, Executive Director
Milaim Ameti, Operational Manager

Malawi
Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry
Hope Chavula, Head, Real Sector and Macroeconomic Policy
Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer

Malaysia
Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC)
Zainon Bakar, Director
Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General
Abdul Latif Abu Seman, Deputy Director General

Mali
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director

Malta
Competitive Malta
Matthew Castillo, Board Secretary

Mauritania
Mauritania Bicom-Service Commercial
Habib Sy, Administrative Director and Analyst
Ousmane Samb, Technical and Marketing Director
Modou Werzeg Fall, Financial Director

Mauritius
Economic Development Board
Ken Poonoosamy, Deputy Chief Executive Officer
Manaesha Fowdar, Senior Investment Executive

Mexico
Mexican Institute for Competitiveness (IMCO)
Juan E. Pardinas Carpizo, General Director
Manuel J. Molano Ruiz, Deputy General Director
César Ruiz Sosa, Researcher and Editor
Ministry of the Economy
María del Rocío Ruiz Chávez, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Business Regulation
Francisco Javier Anaya Rojas, Head of the Competitiveness Unit
Daniel Zaga Szenker, Deputy General Director
Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness
Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director
René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive
Tania Guiot, Director
Centro de Competitividad de México
Ivan Rivas Rodríguez, General Director

Moldova
Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM)
Grigore Belostecinic, Rector
Institute of Economic Research and European Studies (IERES)
Corneliu Gutu, Director

Mongolia
Open Society Forum (OSF)
Oyunbadam Davaakhuu, Manager of Economic Policy Program
Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director
Enkhtsetseg Uuganbayar, Program Assistant

Montenegro
Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP)
Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Manager
Jadranka Kaludjerovic, Program Director
Veselin Vukotic, President

Morocco
Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc (CGEM)
Meriem Bensalah Cheqroun, President
Si Mohamed Elkhatib, Project Head, Commission Climat des Affaires et Partenariat Public Privé
Ahmed Rahhou, President, Commission Climat des Affaires et Partenariat Public Privé

Mozambique
EconPolicy Research Group, Lda.
Peter Coughlin, Director
Mwikali Kieti, Project Coordinator

Namibia
Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)
Ndeshi Fikameni, Research Associate
Graham Hopwood, Executive Director
Salmi Shigwedha, Research Associate

Nepal
Competitiveness and Development Institute (CODE)
Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor, Country Coordinator and Project Director
Menaka Shrestha, Team Member

Netherlands
Erasmus Centre for Business Innovation, Erasmus University
Henk W. Volberda, Director and Professor

New Zealand
BusinessNZ
Kirk Hope, Chief Executive
Kathryn Asare, Project Manager

Nigeria
Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)
Ifeanyi Edeh, Research Analyst
Olaoye Jaiyeola, Chief Executive Officer
Olusegun Omisakin, Head of Research and Information Services

Oman
National Competitiveness Office
Bader Alabdali, Acting Director
Nadia Ali Al Balushi, Head of International Cooperation and Media
Buthaina Alsadi, Statistician

Pakistan
Mishal Pakistan
Puruesh Chaudhary, Director of Content
Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer
Hasan Saeed, Research Associate

Paraguay
Fundación Paraguaya
Martin Burt, Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Luis Fernando Sanabria, Chief Operating Officer
Alejandro Carrizosa, Institutional Management Assistant

Peru
Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Industrias
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Maria Elena Baraybar, Project Assistant

Philippines
Makati Business Club (MBC)
Edgar O. Chua, Chairman
Coco Alcuaz, Executive Director
Elizabeth A. Bautista, Programs Officer

Poland
Department of Economic Analysis, National Bank of Poland
Piotr Boguszewski, Economic Advisor
Piotr Szpunar, Director

Portugal
PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia
Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, President of the Board of Directors
Fórum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE)
Luis Filipe Pereira, President of the Board of Directors
José Gomes da Costa, Vice President of the board of Directors
Paulo Bandeira, General Director

Qatar
Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)
Issa Abdull Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General
Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI)
Hassan Al Sayed, Director
Raymond Carasig, Senior Survey Support Specialist

Romania
ADAF (Association of Women Entrepreneurship Development)
Cornelia Rotaru, President
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania
Cristina Mihai, Director, Internal Relations and ICC Romania Division

Russian Federation
Eurasia Competitiveness Institute (ECI)
Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Managing Director
Nikita Popov, Project Associate

Rwanda
Private Sector Federation (PSF)
Robert Bafakulera, Chairman
Stephen Ruzibiza, Chief Executive Officer

Saudi Arabia
Alfaisal University
Mohammed Kafaji, Director of Quality Assurance and Accreditation
National Competiveness Center (NCC)
Eiman Habbas AlMutairi, Head
Salman AlTukhaifi, Analytical Director
Nawaf AlSalloum, Associate Specialist for Research and Reports

Senegal
Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar
Babacar Sène, Directeur du Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées
Mamadou Marone, Coordonnateur des enquêteurs, Chercheur au CREA

Serbia
Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN)
Aleksandar Radivojevic, Project Coordinator
Svetozar Tanaskovic, Researcher
Jelena Zarkovic Rakic, Director

Seychelles
Better Life Foundation
Marco L. Francis, Partner
Selma Francis-Belle, Corporate Manager

Singapore
Economic Development Board
Cheng Wai San, Director, Research and Statistics Unit
Teo Xinyu, Executive Officer, Research and Statistics Unit

Slovak Republic
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Robert Kicina, Executive Board Member
Peter Kremsky, Executive Director

Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research
Peter Stanovnik, Professor
Sonja Uršič, Senior Research Assistant
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
Mateja Drnovšek, Professor

South Africa
Business Leadership South Africa
Bonang Mohale, Chief Executive Officer
Tebele Makhetha, Head of Policy and Legislation
Business Unity South Africa
Tanya Cohen, Chief Executive Officer
Olivier Serrao, Director, Economic and Trade Policy
Tyson Thamsanqa Sibanda, Co-Ordinator, Economic and Trade Policy

Spain
IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness
Pascual Berrone, Professor
María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate

Sri Lanka
Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS)
Dushni Weerakoon, Executive Director
Kithmina Hewage, Research Officer
Harini Weerasekera, Research Assistant

Sweden
International University of Entrepreneurship and Technology Association (IUET)
Thomas Andersson, President
In partnership with Deloitte Sweden

Switzerland
University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Technology and Law (ES-HSG)
Tobias Trütsch, Head of Economics Division

Taiwan, China
National Development Council
Cheng-Mount Cheng, Deputy Minister
Minghuei Wu, Director, Economic Development Department
Chung-Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Development Department

Tajikistan
Center of Sociological Research “Zerkalo”
Qahramon Baqozoda, Director
Gulchehra Tabarova, Head of Data Collection Department

Tanzania
REPOA Ltd
Cornel Jahari, Researcher
Lucas Katera, Senior Researcher
Donald Mmari, Executive Director

Thailand
Chulalongkorn Business School, Chulalongkorn University
Pasu Decharin, Dean
Siri-on Setamanit, Assistant Dean

Trinidad and Tobago
Arthur Lok Jack Global School of Business, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine
Balraj Kistow, Lecturer and Programme Director
Nirmala Maharaj, Director, Internationalisation and Institutional Relations Centre
Sade Lazzar, Internationalisation and Institutional Relations Officer

Tunisia
Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises
Taieb Bayahi, President
Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor

Turkey
TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum
Izak Atiyas, Director
Sezen Uğurlu Sum, Project Specialist

Uganda
Kabano Research and Development Centre
Robert Apunyo, Program Manager
Delius Asiimwe, Executive Director
Anna Namboonze, Research Associate

Ukraine
CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist

United Arab Emirates
Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority
H.E. Abdulla Nasser Lootah, Director General
Department of Economic Development Abu Dhabi
H.E. Khaleefa Salem Al Mansouri, Undersecretary

United Kingdom
LSE Enterprise Ltd
Elitsa Garnizova, Project Manager and Researcher
Robyn Klingler-Vidra, Senior Researcher

Uruguay
Universidad ORT Uruguay
Bruno Gili, Professor
Isidoro Hodara, Professor

Venezuela
CONAPRI—The Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion
Litsay Guerrero, Economic Affairs and Investor Services Manager
Juan Pérez, Executive Director

Viet Nam
Ho Chi Minh Institute for Development Studies (HIDS)
Tran Anh Tuan, Acting Director
Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Urban Management Studies Department
Trieu Thanh Son, Deputy Head of Research Management and Cooperation Department

Yemen
Yemeni Business Club (YBC)
Fathi Abdulwasa Hayel, Chairman
Ghadeer Al-Maqhafi, Executive Manager
Ejlal Al-Wadei, Projects Coordinator

Zambia
Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR), University of Zambia
Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow and Project Coordinator
Jolly Kamwanga, Senior Research Fellow and Director
Grayson Koyi, Research Fellow

Zimbabwe
Fulham Economics, Harare
A. M. Hawkins, Chairman

Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS)
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Enrique Bolaños, President
Víctor Umaña, Director

Liberia and Sierra Leone
FJP Development and Management Consultants
Omodele R. N. Jones, Chief Executive Officer